Texas History Final

Front 1

“Indian Territory”

Back 1

- Most of the Indians returned to the reservations in “XXX” (Indian territory admitted as the state of Oklahoma, 1907)

Front 2

Red River War

Back 2

- Comanches, Kiowas, and Southern Cheyennes attacked camp of buffalo hunters at "XXX", June 1874, which led to the "XXX", 1874-1875
(Adobe walls, Red River War)
- Col. Ronald Mackenzie led U.S. Army surprise attack upon an Indian camp at "XXX" in West Texas
(Palo Duro Canyon)
- Ended > 50 years of Indian warfare in Texas since 1821

Front 3

Quanah Parker

Back 3

Chief "XXX" & 407 of his Comanches arrived on their reservation, June 2, 1875

Front 4

Geronimo held Prisoner of War (POW) at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio

Back 4

- Geronimo and fellow Apache POWs transferred to U.S. military base in Florida (ca. 1887)

*True/False

Front 5

“Buffalo Soldiers”

Back 5

- “Buffalo Soldiers” and other U.S. troops under Lt. Col. Benjamin Grierson, forced the Eastern Chiricahua Apaches into Mexico, where Mexican troops killed Chief Victorio and his Apache warriors.
- U.S. Army and slaughter of the buffalo together helped remove Indians from Northwestern Texas and Panhandle Region

Front 6

“American Cowboy” characteristics

Back 6

- Most popular folk character in American history to emerge from the cattle drives
- Young, small, wiry character, skilled at herding & roping
(Young, Seasonal, one-third(1/3))

Front 7

The cowboy was symbolic for all worker’s lives affected by industrialization

Back 7

*True/False

Front 8

The Cowboy Strike (1883) and their demands

Back 8

((new closed-range cattle ranching industry))
((exclusively for wages))

- The ((new closed-range cattle ranching industry)) that became dominant after the Civil War denied cowboys the right to be paid in cattle, start their own herds, or have access to open land.  Ranchers insisted that cowboys work ((exclusively for wages)) (which averaged only $40/month) and the cowboys responded by going on strike.

Front 9

African Americans also became Cowboys

Back 9

1/5 of Cowboys in the American West were African American

Front 10

Hispanics were also Cowboys

Back 10

- Vaqueros
- Now (Fiesta)

Front 11

San Antonio’s Livestock Show and Rodeo celebrates “Cowboy Culture”

Back 11

- Remembering “Cowboy Culture”Stockyards in Fort Worth, Texas
- True/False

Front 12

“Knights of Labor”

Back 12

- claimed 700,000 members at its peak.
- advocated cooperative system and eight-hour work day.
- (open to all workers), black & white, and women.

Front 13

Factors that helped expansion of cotton production in West Texas

Back 13

- arrival of ((railroads, barbed-wire fencing, irrigation, tenant farmers)) (sharecroppers, renters) helped expand cotton cultivation.
- (Cotton production quickly increased West Texas)
- (Number of acres under cultivation in West Texas)
36,292,000 acres = 1880
125,807,000 acres = 1900

Front 14

“New South” and its Leaders"

Back 14

- Vision of a “New South” meant transformation of the region into modern cities through industry, factories, and skilled labor.
- “New South” leaders included a small group of merchants, industrialists, and planters
- Workers earned (Lower wages, Longer hours, Per capita income)
- “yeoman” farmers became (indebted) to merchants

Front 15

“Southern Farmer’s Alliance”

Back 15

- (Program slogan) “Equal rights to all, special privileges to none”:
1) established cooperatives (farmer’s markets).
2) supported legislation to regulate monopolies.
3) wanted increase in money supply, esp.T-notes & silver.
4) improved quality of rural life - better public schools, A&M Colleges, and improvements in status of women.

Front 16

Governor James Hogg (Progressive Governor)

Back 16

- "XXX" a Democrat from East Texas, became the first native-born Texas to be elected governor. Populist gov.
- Hogg called for reform of state’s land policy which had favored RRs, longer school terms, an endowment for U.T. and A&M (became Permanent University Fund). Also supported segregation of RR cars, yet ironically tried to end lynching in Texas

Front 17

16th = established progressive federal income tax (the more income you earn, the more federal taxes you pay)

Back 17

- called for graduated (progressive) income tax

Front 18

17th = established direct election of U.S. Senators

Back 18

- called for direct election of U.S. Senators

Front 19

19th = established women’s right to vote

Back 19

- needed to pass self-protection laws against rapists and unsafe workplaces.
- needed to clean up immoral cities and corrupt politics.
- reflected urban middle-class reformers’ prejudice against non-Protestant
immigrants (& political bosses who were ethnic Italian, Russian, Jewish).

Front 20

Plan de San Diego (1915) [see also Johnson’s book, Revolution in Texas]

Back 20

- political and economic reform in Texas largely (excluded) Mexican Americans.
- (immigration from Mexico) increased dramatically, esp. during Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920.
- Mexicans, Mexican Americans fell into (de facto) ((Jim Crow segregation)), like Blacks.
- a (plan) was discovered that called for (uprising) of Mexicans on both of the border to revolt against Anglos.
- their goal was to (seize land) Mexico lost to U.S. in The Mexican War, and establish an (independent Republic)
- around 60 Mexicans carrying a red flag
(attacked The King Ranch.)

Front 21

Spindletop (1901)

Back 21

- (helped break the monopoly of Standard Oil) and its C.E.O., John D. Rockefeller, who officially co-founded his company on January 10, 1870:
1) production:
- before Spindletop: Standard Oil and Russia, the world’s leading oil producer, produced 48 to 58 million barrels of petroleum annually.
- after Spindletop: as few as three of its early wells produced more than 68 million barrels annually (185,000 barrels daily).
- price: pindletop created variations in price of oil from as little as 3 cents per barrel, which forced Standard Oil to cut prices/costs.
-competition: many oil corporations emerged (Texaco; Gulf).

Front 22

Significance of Spindletop:
1) helped break monopoly of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
2) changed the oil industry overnight by reducing costs of industrialization

Back 22

- World War I
- Spindletop changed the oil industry overnight b/c it reduced the costs for concurrent industrial development of the U.S
- Railroads, Shipping, Automobile

Front 23

Percentage of Urban Growth (Rural Decline) in Texas

Back 23

True/False (Decline)
1900 - 83%
1940 - 54%
1950 - 37%
2000 - 18%

Front 24

Causes of Urbanization

Back 24

- Spindletop oil boom.
- WWI and WWII – increased manufacturing jobs.
- World War II: aircraft, shipbuilding, steel, chemicals, electronics.

Front 25

Consequences of Urbanization

Back 25

- political power shifts from rural areas to cities and towns.
- racial/ethnic conflict on the frontier shifts to the city; resistance to changes.

Front 26

The Bonus Army

Back 26

- This (Bonus Army fiasco), (bread lines), & (Hoovervilles) symbolized Hoover’s presidency.

Front 27

Push/pull factors for increased immigration from Mexico

Back 27

- Push factors = the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920.
- Pull factors = Railroads (transportation) and jobs in U.S. (agriculture, mining, & factories).

Front 28

“LULAC” (1929)

Back 28

-Mexican American middle class emerged in the 1930s, following the creation of LULAC in 1929 and especially WWII.
- League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Founding Fathers in Corpus Christi (1929)

Front 29

“Cementville”

Back 29

- (Ray Canchola), the 1st Mexican-American plant superintendent(Right) A typical photograph of Cementville children(San Antonio, Texas)

Front 30

“Emma Tenayuca”

Back 30

- Labor Activist
- Born in San Antonio. Graduated from Brackenridge High School, 1934.
- Joined the labor movement at age 16 & read about strikes at the Finck Cigar Company.
- Led Pecan Sheller's Strike in San Antonio, 1937-38.
- Attended Our Lady of the Lake University, San Antonio, early 1970s.

Front 31

Sgt. Jose M. Lopez

Back 31

- American Hero
Medal of Honor recipient, World War II

- from Brownsville, Texas.
- stormed beaches of Normandy on D-Day, June 6, 1944.
- killed more than 100 Germans in Belgium on Dec. 17, 1944 (machine gunner).
- earned distinction of killing more enemy soldiers than any other American in WWII.
- Lopez Middle School in Northeast I.S.D., San Antonio, Texas named after him.

Front 32

Dr. Hector P. Garcia, M.D.

Back 32

- born in Mexico (border state of Tamaulipas) and raised a Tejano in South Texas.
- earned B.A. from University of Texas at Austin and became a physician.
- Awarded the Bronze Star, World War Two.
- helped establish the ((American G.I. Forum)) in Corpus Christi (1948).
- overshadowed by Cesar Chavez & farm workers union in the 1960s.
- Garcia middle school in Northside I.S.D., San Antonio, Texas, named after him.

Front 33

“NAACP” (1912)

Back 33

- First chapter of the NAACP established in Texas, 1912.
- (Juanita J. Craft) joined NAACP
- (Lulu B. White) Became Director of NAACP branch in Houston

Front 34

Lulu B. White of Houston

Back 34

Lulu B. White of Houston and (juanita Craft) of Dallas, were both members of their local NAACP chapters and fought to end segregation in Texas.

Front 35

Juanita Craft of Dallas

Back 35

- Joined NAACP in 1935.
- Demonstrated against the segregated Univ. of Texas Law School.
- Helped desegregate Texas State Fair of Dallas.
- Elected to Dallas City Council in 1973.

Front 36

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Back 36

- U.S. Supreme Court case disagreed with precedent of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case (“Separate but Equal” Doctrine), and ruled against the state of Texas. U.S. Sct declared that Heman Sweatt, Houston native, must be admitted into the University of Texas Law School.

Front 37

Wiley College is an historically Black College (HBC) located in Marshall, Texas

Back 37

Herman Sweatt
*True/False

Front 38

Jackie Robinson was an officer stationed at Fort Hood in Killeen, Texas before he broke the color line in Major League Baseball

Back 38

(Jackie Robinson)
- Assigned to (Fort Hood), Texas, near Killeen (in Central Texas), to 761st “Black Panthers” Tank Battalion
*True/False

Front 39

Dorie Miller

Back 39

- Earned (Navy Cross & Purple Heart Medal) for his bravery during Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941
- (Admiral Chester Nimitz), native of Fredericksburg, Texas, pins the Navy Cross on Miller.

Front 40

Audie L. Murphy

Back 40

- Born in Kingston, (East Texas), 1 of 12 children, sharecroppers of Irish descent.
- Dropped out of 5th grade when his dad deserted the family; (picked cotton) to help support his family;

Front 41

Nimitz Museum

Back 41

- Fredericksburg, Texas (Hill Country)
- Established in 1969

Front 42

the “Big Four” early Texas Oilmen

Back 42

(H. Roy Cullen) : Donated land in 1946 that became Texas Southern University in Houston.
(H.L. Hunt) : Dallas
(Sid W. Richardson) : Fort Worth, Texas
(Clint Murchison, Sr.) : North Texas, East Texas, and San Antonio area.

Front 43

George W. Bush’s Oil Company

Back 43

- Co-Founded (Zapata Petroleum Co)., 1953.
- World War Two Veteran.
- Graduated from Yale University, 1948, then moved to West Texas.
- Became a millionaire by age 40.

Front 44

H. Ross Perot

Back 44

- Electronics (Dallas, Texas)
- Born in Texarkana, Texas, in 1930. His father was a cotton broker.
- Founded Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in 1952, Dallas, and became a billionaire.
- Ran for President in 1992 as an Independent, which pundits say took votes from President George W. Bush, a transplanted Texas from the Northeast, who lost to Bill Clinton, Governor of Arkansas.

Front 45

Texas City Disaster (1947)

Back 45

- Chemicals
- Ammonium nitrate exploded.
- 581 persons dead.
- More than 5,000 injured.

Front 46

Largest Texas cities in 1970

Back 46

- Houston -> Dallas -> San Antonio
- Urbanization continued

Front 47

“Eagle Ford” Shale and “Barnett” Shale regions

Back 47

- In Texas, the “Eagle Ford” Shale Region, encompasses counties from South Texas to East Texas. “Barnett” Shale in North Texas.
*True/False

Front 48

“New Indian history” per historian Pekka Hämäläinen

Back 48

- Builds upon the “New Indian History,” a term applied to the scholarship that emerged in the 1970s out of the Red Power movement during the Vietnam War era, 1963-1975.
- “Into the Mainstream: The Emergence of a New Texas Indian History”?

Front 49

the three Indian reservations in Texas today

Back 49

- Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas
- Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
- Alabama-Coushatta Tribes
*YSPT, KTTT, ACTT

Front 50

Most Indians in Texas today live in cities and not on reservations

Back 50

- Although only about (2,624 people have formally enrolled) as members of Texas tribes, the 2000 census counted (118,362 people) in Texas who identified themselves as exclusively American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN). Most of these Indians are urban (in the cities), many of them immigrants from Mexico and Central America.
- There have been recent (efforts to change Texas laws) to allow more than one tribe to own casinos.
- Unlike most western states, (Texas today has almost no Indian lands, the result of systematic warfare) by Texas and the United States against indigenous groups in the nineteenth century that decimated tribes or (drove) them onto reservations in other states.
*True/False

Front 51

“Tejano” according to historian Andres Tijerina

Back 51

- Tejano memory of the Hispanic past in Texas gives Tejanos (“legitimacy as true Texans”) (p. 181).
- Tijerina’s essay appears in a book titled (Lone Star Pasts: Memory and History in Texas), edited by historian Gregg Cantrell and Elizabeth Hayes Turner, published by Texas A&M University Press in 2007:

Front 52

Tejano vs. Chicano labels

Back 52

Tejano
- Emphasis upon Spanish (European) roots.
- Vaquero (cowboy) icon.
- Military service.
- Conservative.
- Landownership.
- Assimilation.
Chicano
- Emphasis upon Indigenous (Aztec) roots.
- Migrant farm worker.
- Anti-establishment.
- Liberal.
- Lost land.
- Separatism.

Front 53

Cesar Chavez

Back 53

– Civil Rights activist who led Farm Workers’ Union

Front 54

Ricardo Romo

Back 54

President Romo of UTSA, from San Antonio’s Westside, offered more positive history of the barrio

Front 55

“Big Tex”

Back 55

- 52-foot-high cowboy statue

Front 56

“whiteness studies” according to historian Michael Phillips

Back 56

- (Michael Phillips)’ essay
- Big Tex
- A recognition that “white” in reference to “race” is a (social construct) meant for a particular purpose in the face of “the other” (Native American, Mexican, African American). Not restricted to whites.
- That (particular purpose) of unifying as a “race” may be economic, political, cultural, rights and privileges of belonging to a nation [whether “American,” “German,” “Japanese,” etc.]
- In other words, (“survival”) in a changing world where more nations continue to emerge and perceived danger lurks everywhere.
- More specifically, “whiteness studies” emerged over the past two decades and stemmed directly from (“postmodernism”) (Phillips, p. 132) calling everything into question and where there are no absolute truths, including your own identity (even changing it for the sake of survival).

Front 57

Governor Rick Perry’s family roots in West Texas

Back 57

*Ture/False
- Fifth generation Texas
- Great-Great-Great-grandfather was apparently (Choctaw-Native American)
- Handbook of Texas Online
- Texas A&M (Animal Science)
- US Air force Flew C-130
- Elected (State Representative), (Texas Agriculture Commissioner)
- “Southern conservative,”
- (Irony) = Perry was labeled as “soft” on the Immigration issue in current debates

Front 58

George Prescott Bush

Back 58

- The "Latino" Bush
- Nephew of former President George W. Bush
- Son of former Florida Governor Jeb Bush
- Grandson of former President George H.W. Bush