Tests And Appraisals In Counseling Midterm: Chapter 4

Front 1

In assessment scores, this number represents the number of correctly answered questions coded in some specific manner. By itself it doesn't convey any meaning.

Back 1

Raw Score

Front 2

This group consists of a large group of people to which a test is standardized.

Back 2

Norm group

Front 3

This uses some standard of performance to interpret an examinee's test results. It is what the test taker knows or does not know with respect to a specified content domain.

Back 3

Criterion-referenced scores

Front 4

This type of score doesn't look at a test taker's mastery of content, but compares an individual's test scores to the test scores of a group of people. It is how well the test taker does in comparison with other individuals.

Back 4

Norm-referenced score

Front 5

These are the most common form of scores that expresses the examinee's relative position on a norm-referenced test. They represent the percentage of a distribution of scores that fall below a particular test score.

Back 5

Percentile ranks

Front 6

These are scores that reflect the rank or position of an individual's test performance on a continuum from 0 to 99 in comparison to others who took the test

Back 6

Percentile ranks

Front 7

A means of presenting the relative position of an individual's test score assuming a normal distribution; a linear transformation of raw scores.

Back 7

Standard scores

Front 8

The simplest form of standard scores, conveying the value of a score in terms of how many standard deviations it is above or below the mean of the distribution.

Back 8

z score

Front 9

This standard score has a mean of 50 and a fixed standard deviation of 10.

Back 9

T score

Front 10

This type of standard score converts raw scores into values ranging from 1 to 9, with a mean of 5.

Back 10

Stanine (standard nine)

Front 11

Name advantages and disadvantages of using a raw score.

Back 11

Advantages: Gives a precise number of points scored and easy to compute.
Disadvantages: Can't interpret or compare.

Front 12

Name advantages and disadvantages of using a standard score.

Back 12

Advantages:
Shows the relative performance of test taker within the group.
Derived from properties of a normal curve.
Equal interval scale of measurement.
Can be average and correlated.
Comparable from test to test if reference groups are equivalent.

Disadvantages:
Inappropriate if data are markedly skewed
Hard to explain to test takers.

Front 13

Name advantages and disadvantages of using a percentile rank.

Back 13

Advantages:
Shows how test taker's score ranks in relation to national or local norm.
Easily understood by most test takers.

Disadvantages:
Not an equal-interval scale; uses ordinal units of measurement.
Cannot be added or averaged.
Can be confused with percentages.

Front 14

Name advantages and disadvantages of using a stanine score.

Back 14

Advantages:
One digit scores
Can be averaged
Used for simplicity and utility

Disadvantages:
May not provide enough scoring units to differentiate amongst scores
Insensitive to sizable differences within a stanine
Misleadingly sensitive to small differences on either side of the point separating adjacent stanines.

Front 15

Name advantages and disadvantages of using Grade and Age Equivalents.

Back 15

Advantages:
Good if area measured is systematically related with age or grade level.
Compares an individual's performance with the average for that age or grade.

Disadvantages:
Uses unequal units of measurement
Leads to score interpretation that is too literal
Can mislead in the case of scores that do not signify and ability to perform or understand at the higher grade level
Has little practical meaning beyone 6th grade or age 12.