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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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wavelength
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the DISTANCE from the
origin of one wave to the next or distance it takes the wave to complete one cycle |
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frequency
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(of waves) The NUMBER of
waves to pass a point in space each second |
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hertz
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unit of measurement of frequencies per second
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cycle
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Cycle: Complete process of a wave of energy reaching
positive peak, negative peak, and return to 0 |
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attenuation
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radio and audio waves lose their energy as they radiate outwards
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transduction
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converting air pressure patterns into corresponding electronic patterns
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modulation
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number of waves produced each second
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interlaced
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scanning that first takes odd than even lines to perform a complete frame - avoids flickering
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progressive
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scanning that takes each line from top to bottom in seuqential order to complete one frame
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What three fundamental
characteristics do all forms of electromagnetic energy share? |
They radiate outward from
a source Travel at the same high velocity Have the properties of waves |
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How are audio waves similar to
radio waves? |
A burst of energy leads to a series
of waves radiating outward from the source (voice/antenna) Radio and audio waves lose their energy as they radiate outward (attenuation) |
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How are audio waves different from
radio waves? |
Sound waves propagate mechanically
and require a medium such as air or water Radio waves move electromagnetically and travel through a vacuum as well as many physical materials |
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What is a carrier wave? Why do we have that term?
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carrier wave (center
frequency of a station) that allows it to carry that information |
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What is the range of the U.S. Radio Spectrum used for?
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Only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum is suitable for radio communication
Space is limited – compression technologies are easing some of this burden Radio spectrum divided into bands per international agreement (e.g. aviation, cell phones, military, satellite) |
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Does frequency determine wavelength or does wavelength determine frequency?
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The speed of radio energy is constant – 186,000 miles/sec
So, the frequency (#of waves sent from an oscillator) alone determines the wavelength: higher frequencies → shorter wavelengths A radio station is the center of a frequency range the govt. has allocated to the station (Ex. Real Country 66 – 660 kHz) |
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What are the two types of modulation in broadcast radio?
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Modulation: ways of imposing meaningful variations
(information) on a transmitter’s carrier wave (center frequency of a station) that allows it to carry that information Transmitters impose info by either amplitude or frequency modulation |
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why does fm sound better than am?
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Static can be heard more on AM stations than FM stations because interference (from lightening, electrical machinery, overlapping signals) has a greater effect on the amplitude of a radio wave than on its frequency.
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what is compression and why do we always need more of it
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process of encoding and later decoding the bits of data from one source to another with the ability to reconstruct the data ← can be lossy or lossless
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what is digital signal processing
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• Converts a continuous signal into a series of samples that are given numerical values encoded as binary numbers
• Advantages – relaying info produces perfect replicas; can be reassembled/manipulated in infinite ways • Disadvantages – require wider channels, i.e greater bandwidth to convey the same info |
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in-band on channel
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enabled stations to broadcast in analog as well as add digital carriers to their service
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why hasn't dab taken off? why has dtv?
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o Dab works by: requires doubling the existing channel bandwidth to place the digital signmals onto the upper and lower sidebands surrounding the analog signal - better quality but inconvenient - not in cars, confusing, $$, blah blah
o Why has consumer adoption of hd radio been so slow? • Lack of awareness • Confusion over the technology • Cost of receivers • Slow adoption by auto manufacturers good quality and the governemnet made us in 2009 |
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what are the things inside of tvs?
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• cathode ray tube - still most tvs in the us
• electric beams paints image on screen • liquid crystal displays – crystal fluid sandwiched by two plates of glass • plasma display panel – grid of pixels filled with gas • digital light processing – tiny aluminum mirrors reflect light to make a picture |
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what is the goal of commercial electronic media?
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MONEY!
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what are the characteristics of a commercial broadcast station?
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• holds a license from federal govt to serve a specific community
• transmits programs over the air using designated radio frequencies • carries commercial messages, receives compensation |
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what are station groups?
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• Organizations that own or operate more than one station
• Some groups operate all the stations as a single unit • Others exert minimal group control over the daily operation of each station |
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what are economies of scale?
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larger business have a cost advantage and greater efficiency over smaller businesses as something
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how do affiliate agreements work?
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-Affiliates are not o+o’s – but in contracts with networks for content and some advertising
-Independents are smaller in #s and not -Major networks abc, cbs, nbc, fox, all have 200+ affiliates -Growing nation networks cw, ion, Univision, and telemundo have less - Networks and their affiliates agree to contracts with varying clauses and compensation shanging hands - affiliates provide clearance – clear program schedule for network’s programming at regularly scheduled times (delayed broadcasts are uncommon) - networks provide time in their programming for local ad spots (called adjacencies) and traditionally something traditionally money has flowed from the broadcasts to local affiliates |
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how do ownership regulations work for commercial radio and tv?
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Tv ownership within the same market is restricted to
• No more than two tv stations (duopoly) in most markets • “triopolies” allowed in markets with more than 18 stations • for duopoly or triopoly only 1 can be in the top 4 for a market no owner or group may own stations that collectively reach more than 39% of the national audience local radio/tv cross – ownership. The rule imposes restrictions based on a sliding scale that varies by the size of the market: • in markets with at least 20 independently owned media voices, an entity can own up to two tv stations and six radio stations (or one tv station and seven radio stations) • in markets with at least ten independently owned media voices an entity can own up to two tv stations and four radio stations • in the smallest markets an entity may own two tv stations and one radio station. In all markets an entity must comply with local radio and local tv ownership limits |
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what are some basic arguments for and against commercial ownership regulation and deregulation
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• arguments
o station groups help keep small stations from failing o allows a more uniform broadcast system o groups can afford higher quality content o the broadcasters can compete for advertising o more room for job growth • counterpoint: critics worry about loss of content diversity and true localism o arguments: o limited voices o lack of minority voices o limited programming ideas o lack of local presence o fewer broadcasting jobs esp at local level o larger companies cant serve the local public interest as well |
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how is cable different than affiliates? same?
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i think it's like dish makes money but cable ... idk
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what is reach?
what is frequency? |
Reach
• The “width” of a media plan • Number of diff people exposed to a spot Frequency • The depth of a media plan • Number of times the average person is exposed to the same spot What do stations put on air when they don’t sell enough advertisements? |
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how are advertising rates determined?
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How are ad rates determined?
• Overall advertiser demand for the medium • Advertiser demand for target audience • Audience delivery ratings • Discounted pricing for large contracts – bulk rate • Competitor pricing Advertising Rates • Taking all of those factors into consideration, advertisers often use CPM to make decisions • CPM = Cost per reaching 1,000 • Typically households |
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how are advertisers making up for zapping?
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o Remote controls, dvr/pvr (personal video recorder) and tivo have enabled/led to “zapping.”
o Commercial free and commercial limited alternatives response • Product integration: the tactic that advertisers have adopted to weaving the brand into the programming • Product placement: having the brand visible in a scene, such as a character drinking Coca-Cola |
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wh was there a need for the reserved channels principle and similar allocations for tv?
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Allocate noncommercial channels for fm?
• Reserved channels principle (1941) • 20 channels between 88-92 mhz because it said you can only own two channels and only reach 39% or something |
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what is the carnegie commision? what did their report suggest?
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the Carnegie commission on educational television
• saw a need in etv for: • national goals • public relations • federal leadership their report: public television – a program for something Carnegie commission recommendations • Set up 2+ production centers • Use the word public not education • Establish a central organization missed this lol The CPB is adopted in 1967! Signed by president and ppl didn’t want him to apopoint all members. He does but only 5 can be from the same party |
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what did the public broadcasting act of 1967 stipulate?
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media for instructional, educational and cultural purposes
Why did the legislation have a goal of insulating the cpb from political pressure? • Appts to the board – 5/4 political parties • Appropriations of funds – no long term plan |
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how does funding btw the govt, pbc, cpb, and npr work?
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PBS differs from commercial networks
• Pbs carries only programs that others produce • Member stations (affiliates) contract with pbs, agreeing to pay dues determined by their respective budget and market sizes • Serves 355 noncommercial stations and reaches 73 million people each week • Pbs isn’t responsible for ALL programming carried on public stations • Stations carry programming form third party sources (ex. American public television and independent producers, Public television – ownership |
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who can own noncommercial stations?
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Four class of owners hold public tv licenses:
• States and municipalities – 40 percent • Colleges and universities – 25 percent • Public school boards – 3 percent • Community foundatins (more independent) – 32 percent |
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what are the sources of funding for non commercial stations
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• Corporate underwriting (incl.enchanced underwriting): primarily at the beginning and end of a national program, max is 90 seconds for national tv
• Childrens programs 0 must avoid the possibility that children are being exploited • Local contributions: on-air fund drives, etc |
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what are the sources of programming available to public broadcasters? what genres of content are typical?
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• Pbs distributes series that member stations pay for
• Major marketing producing stations that have a long history of creative innovation in public television (ex. Wgbh in boston • Foreign sources like bbc tv • Independent and syndicated production services like the childrens television workshop which introduced sesame street in 1969 • Cable channels lie c-span which offers c-span in the classroom, a free educational service that allows teachers to tape material for instructional use • News and public affairs – ex. Newshour w jim Lehrer, frontline, Charlie rose • History – the history of jazz, baselball, antiques roadshow • Performing arts – masterpiece, theater live from Lincoln center • Science and natire – ex. Nova, nature • Childrens – ex. Sesame street (since 1969 – huge success) |
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what is the current state of gov't funding for public broadcasting like? are these new struggles?
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bad
no |
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what ar ethe arguments for and against gov't support and noncommercial media?
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Arguments for govt. funding of…
• It shows the govt. is interested in having an educated and culturally informed electorate • Public broadcasting reaches 73 million people • The public deserves a broadcast alternative that something… • Gov’t support has helped maintain some centralization, and without support, the system might become weaker and more decentralized • The current system allows local stations to influence on the national programming choices Arguments against govt funding of… • Money spent on public broadcasting could be used for actual education • In a time with great national debt, public broadcasting is a frill we can’t afford • Commercial broadcasting offers similar programming • Public broadcasting only has 73 million viewers • Discontinuing the funding might lead to more interesting local programming • People don’t watch tv to learn, they watch it to relax • We should focus on wall street not sesame street • Lack of participation • Lack of public appeal • Too liberal in news and documentary programs |
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1. What is convergence? What type of service providers does convergence allow?
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Technological convergence means the coming together of, and blurring the lines between, what previously had been separate ways of distributing information. Ex. Cable, broadcast , telephone & Internet enter the home on the same wire.
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2. What is synergy? What business trend is often cited as helpful to synergy?
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two or more companies working together can produce a better product than if they work alone. Licensing agreements for ancillary products. i.e the toy in happy meals
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3. What is vertical integration? What is an example of vertical integration.
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What is an example of vertical integration (hint – class notes or box on p. 6) control of the production and distribution of content by one company. comcaast- the nation’s largest cable TV provider and largest Internet service provider -- became the first cable company to own a major broadcast TV network as well as the affiliated cable TV channels (USA, CNBC, etc.).
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4. What is meant by the Democratization of the Media?
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In 1960’s, industry controlled content use for much of electronic media’s history. There were only 3 networks and omgz color tv. We don’t watch much live anymore; in 1970 we got vcrs and everything changed bc we could just record shows
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5. What are the basics driving what people want from their media?
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Quality, convenience, cost. Success is determined by what is delivered, not how.
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1. List and explain 5 cultural precedents to Broadcasting.
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Industrial revolution, penny press, vaudeville, phonograph, and motion pictures.
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2. What was the government’s role in regulation of the telegraph? Why does it matter?
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Morse code; Govt. installed, sold; Civil War – Western Union emerges; Transatlantic telegraph cables in 1866. Start of “Global village” --- Funded Washington to Baltimore connection → Sold interests to private investors -→ Maintained Regulatory Control
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3. What did Marconi do? What was his “Right Releasing Touch?”
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he developed wireless communication and made a transmitter
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5. What were the important legislative pieces from the early 1900’s to the 1930’s? How did they shape broadcasting?
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5. What were the important legislative pieces from the early 1900’s to the 1930’s? How did they shape broadcasting? Took over all wireless stations, Froze patent lawsuits on radio inventions and AT&T, GE, Westinghouse, RCA all players
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6. What was early radio content like? What were the ads like?
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comedy, drama, soaps, news, music;
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7. What are the advantages of FM over AM radio? Who do we credit with FM radio invention?
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Who do we credit with FM radio invention? Edwin howard Armstrong; better sound and larger bandwidth
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8. What are the hallmarks of TV programming during it’s “Golden Age?”
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program to encourage set purchases, highly artistic vs not (i.e Texaco star theater), everything was live except for I love lucy, development of competition,
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9. Why did cable develop?
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Broadcast didn’t reach all rural viewers, everyone wanted more choices and reliable stations
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10. Why did Broadcasters soon feel threatened by it? What is must-carry?
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Threatened because it had an unfair advantage, so cable operators (catv) start enhancing content, fcc uses microwave relay licenses as an excuse to regulate cable. This creates the must carry rule that cable systems must carry all the tv stations in the system’s area of coverage
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11. What is premium cable? What are superstations – and why did they develop?
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extra channels you can pay for like ppv, on demand, etc.
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12. Tell me about iconoscopes. What did they pave the way for?
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1st electronic camera pickup tube suitable for studio operations, made by vlad zworykin
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13. Tell me about transistors. What did they pave the way for?
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3 element solid tube that replaces hot, bulky, fragile vacuum tubes, allows trend toward miniaturization, allows digitalization and increased speed and memory – paves way for computers
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14. What new TV networks do we see in the 90’s? What do they have/offer that’s different?
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? in the 90s we got WB, UPN, which turned into CW
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16. What are the current competitors for TV and Radio content?
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Satellite, cable, internet
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