Test Two Pt. I

Front 1

Name the two major components of the integumentary system.

Back 1

Cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

Front 2

Name the component that is compromised of the epidermis ( superficial
epithelium ) and the dermis ( underlying connective tissue ).

Back 2

Cutaneous membrane

Front 3

Name the five layers of the epidermis.

Back 3

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum

Front 4

Name the epidermal layer that is water resistant, not water proof.
This layer covers all exposed skin excluding the anterior surface of the eyes.

Back 4

Stratum corneum

Front 5

Name the stratum where large amounts of keratin and keratohyalin are
produced. At this level, cells have stopped dividing.

Back 5

Stratum granulosum

Front 6

Name the stratum that contains large basal cells. This stratum forms
epidermal ridges that connect to the dermal papillae.

Back 6

Stratum germinativum

Front 7

Name the stratum that houses melanocytes and Merkle cells.

Back 7

Stratum germinativum

Front 8

Name the function that Merkle cells serve.

Back 8

They are responsible for sensitivity to touch.

Front 9

Name what accounts for different skin colors.

Back 9

Different levels of melanocyte activity.

Front 10

What makes an individual an albino?

Back 10

Albinos have a normal distribution of melanocytes, but these cells are
incapable of producing melanin.

Front 11

Name the thick, clear stratum which covers the stratum granulosum. It
is also called thick skin.

Back 11

Stratum lucidum

Front 12

Name two areas of the body where thick skin is found.

Back 12

Palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Front 13

Name the dense granules of the cytoplasm that promote dehydration of
the cell.

Back 13

Keratohyalin

Front 14

Name the component of the cutaneous membrane contains the capillaries
and sensory neurons that supply the skin’s surface.

Back 14

Dermis

Front 15

Name the tissue the comprises the papillary layer.

Back 15

Areolar

Front 16

Name the layer of skin that is interwoven with the connective tissue
fibers
of the reticular layer.

Back 16

Hypodermis

Front 17

Name the component that is comprised of hair, nails, and the exocrine
glands.

Back 17

Accessory structures

Front 18

Name the two types of sweat glands located in the integumentary
system.

Back 18

Merocrine and apocrine glands

Front 19

Name the sweat glands also called the eccrine glands. They are found
throughout the body, especially concentrated in the palms of the
hands and soles of the feet. These are also responsible for sensible
perspiration.

Back 19

Merocrine glands

Front 20

Name two functions of the merocrine sweat glands.

Back 20

They cool off the skin’s surface along with excreting water and electrolytes.

Front 21

Name the type of perspiration in which an individual loses
approximately 500 mL a day.

Back 21

Insensible perspiration

Front 22

Name the sweat glands that begin secreting at puberty and provide a
nutrient source for bacteria.

Back 22

Apocrine glands

Front 23

Name the sweat glands found in the armpits and groin.

Back 23

Apocrine glands

Front 24

Name the sweat glands that the mammary glands are classified under.

Back 24

Apocrine glands

Front 25

Name the sweat glands that produce oils and waxes.

Back 25

Sebaceous glands

Front 26

Name the sweat glands found in the external auditory canal.

Back 26

Ceruminous glands

Front 27

Name the two layers that are found in hair that are comprised of hard, keratin cells. These two layers are responsible for hairs’ stiffness.

Back 27

Cuticle and cortex

Front 28

Name the core layer of hair which contains flexible, soft keratin.

Back 28

Medulla

Front 29

Name the deepest part of the hair follicle which is responsible for hair production.

Back 29

Matrix

Front 30

Name the cell responsible for variation in hair color.

Back 30

Melanocytes

Front 31

Name the part of the nail that is the visible portion.

Back 31

Body

Front 32

Name the part of the nail that the visible portion covers.

Back 32

Bed

Front 33

Name the part of the nail where nail production occurs.

Back 33

Root

Front 34

Name the numbered step of injury and repair when bleeding and
inflamation occurs.

Back 34

Step 1

Front 35

Name the numbered step of injury and repair when a clot or scab forms.
This occurrence limits the invasion of more microorganisms.

Back 35

Step 2

Front 36

Name the numbered step of injury and repair when fibroblast activity
leads to the appearance of collagen fibers and ground substance.

Back 36

Step 3

Front 37

Name the numbered step of injury and repair when there is the
formation of Inflexible, fibrous scar tissue. The healing process is now
considered complete.

Back 37

Step 4

Front 38

Name six effects that the aging process has on the integumentary system

Back 38

Epidermis thins
Dermal blood supply decreases
Glandular activity decreases, causing dryness
Number of Langerhans cells decrease, causing a decrease in immunity
Melanocyte production decreases
Vitamin production decreases ( about 75% )

Front 39

Name the bone shape that is long and slender. Examples of these are
arm, forearm, thigh, leg, palms of hands, soles of feet, fingers, and toes.

Back 39

Long Bones

Front 40

Name the bone shape that is small and boxy. Examples of these are carpals and tarsals.

Back 40

Short Bones

Front 41

Name the bone shape that have roughly parallel surfaces. Examples of
these are the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula.

Back 41

Flat Bones

Front 42

Name the bone shape that is comprised of complex shapes, notches, and
ridged surfaces. Examples of these are vertebrae, pelvis, and several skull bones.

Back 42

Irregular Bones

Front 43

Name the bone shape that is flat, small, and irregularly shaped. These
are also referred to as Wormian bones. Examples of these are found
between the flat bones of the skull.

Back 43

Sutural Bones

Front 44

Name the bone shape that are flat, small, and shaped somewhat like a
sesame seed. These develop inside tendons. Examples of these are
found near the joints of the knees, hands, and feet.

Back 44

Seamoid Bones

Front 45

Name the most abundant mineral in the human body. A typical individual
usually contains 1-2 kg of this.

Back 45

Calcium

Front 46

Name the part of the bone that is the extended tubular shaft.

Back 46

Diaphysis

Front 47

Name the part of the bone that is the expanded area at each end.

Back 47

Epiphysis

Front 48

Name the part of the bone where diaphysis and epiphysis meet.

Back 48

Metaphysis

Front 49

Name the loose connective tissue that is the cavity of the diaphysis.

Back 49

Bone marrow

Front 50

Name the cartilage that narrows until it disappears. This
disappearance signals the end of bone growth.

Back 50

Epiphyseal

Front 51

Name the incomplete cellular level that lines the marrow cavity. It
also covers the trabeculae of spongy bone.

Back 51

Endosteum

Front 52

Name another term also used for the marrow cavity.

Back 52

Medullary cavity

Front 53

Name used for a mature bone cell.

Back 53

Osteocyte

Front 54

Name the area that each osteocyte occupies.

Back 54

Lucuna

Front 55

Name the narrow passageways that connect osteocytes for purposes of
nutrient supply and waste disposal.

Back 55

Canaliculi

Front 56

Name the basic functional unit of mature compact bone. Also referred
to as Haversian system.

Back 56

Osteon

Front 57

Name the cells that actually take organic components and produce the
matrix via osteogenisis.

Back 57

Osteoblasts

Front 58

Name the cells that are multi-nucleated.

Back 58

Osteoclasts

Front 59

Name the cells that break-down and remove bone matrix.

Back 59

Osteoclasts

Front 60

Name the process of bone erosion, also called resorption.

Back 60

Osteolysis

Front 61

Name the soft matrix that has not had calcium salts deposited yet.

Back 61

Osteoid

Front 62

Name two types of osseous tissue.

Back 62

Compact bone and spongy bone

Front 63

Name the type of bone which is thickest where stresses arrive from a
limited range of directions.

Back 63

Compact bone

Front 64

Name activity which is necessary to maintain normal bone structure.

Back 64

Exercise

Front 65

Name the type of bone that forms an open network of struts and plates.
Also referred to as cancellous.

Back 65

Spongy bone

Front 66

Name the structure that the struts and plates of spongy bone form.

Back 66

Trabeculae

Front 67

Name the process of replacing tissue with bone.

Back 67

Ossification

Front 68

Name two types of ossification.

Back 68

Intramembranous and endochondral

Front 69

Name the type of ossification that occurs when bone develops directly
from mesenchymal cells or fibrous connective tissue.

Back 69

Intramembranous

Front 70

Name the type of ossification that are responsible for the formation
of dermal bones.

Back 70

Intramembranous

Front 71

Name three examples of dermal bones.

Back 71

Skull, clavicle, and mandible

Front 72

Name the type of ossification in which bone replaces existing cartilage.

Back 72

Endochondral

Front 73

Name the process of deposition of calcium salts. This process happens
during ossification but also occurs in other tissues.

Back 73

Calcification

Front 74

Name the type of bone growth that increases a bone’s diameter.

Back 74

Appositional

Front 75

Name the occurrence that happens which triggers the parathyroid gland
to release PTH into the bloodstream.

Back 75

Ca ion concentration falls below normal levels

Front 76

Name 3 effects that the release of PTH ensures.

Back 76

Stimulate osteoclast activity
Increase intestinal absorption of Ca
Decrease Ca excretion by the kidneys

Front 77

Name the occurrence that happens which triggers the thyroid gland to release calcitonin.
release calcitonin.

Back 77

Ca ion concentration rises above normal levels

Front 78

Name 2 effects that the release of calcitonin ensures.

Back 78

Inhibit osteoclast activity
Increase Ca excretion by the kidneys

Front 79

Name 3 hormones that are released to stimulate bone growth at puberty.

Back 79

Sex hormones, growth hormones, and thyroid hormones

Front 80

Name the condition that is the result of the over-production of growth
hormones before puberty.

Back 80

Gigantism

Front 81

Name the type of bone fracture that is completely internal, keeping
the ends of the bone closed.

Back 81

Closed/ simple fracture

Front 82

Name the type of bone fracture where only one side of the shaft is
broken and the other is bent.

Back 82

Greenstick fracture

Front 83

Name the condition that is linked to inadequate ossification. Quite
common as an individual ages.

Back 83

Osteopenia

Front 84

Name the condition that entails a loss in bone mass that prohibits
normal, every-day functioning.

Back 84

Osteoporosis

Front 85

Name five functions of the skeletal system.

Back 85

Support
Protection
Storage of minerals and lipids
Blood cell production
Leverage

Front 86

Name the number of cranial bones present in the skull.

Back 86

8

Front 87

Name the cranial bones.

Back 87

Frontal – 1
Parietal – 2
Occipital – 1
Temporal – 2
Sphenoid – 1
Ethmoid – 1

Front 88

Name the number of facial bones present in the skull.

Back 88

14

Front 89

Name the facial bones.

Back 89

Maxillary – 2
Palatine – 2
Nasal – 2
Inferior Nasal Conchae - 2
Vomer – 1
Zygomatic – 2
Lacrimal – 2
Mandible – 1

Front 90

Name the number of associated bones present in the skull.

Back 90

7

Front 91

Name the associated bones.

Back 91

Auditory ossicles – 6
Hyoid – 1

Front 92

Name the largest facial bone.

Back 92

Maxillary

Front 93

Name the depression that separates the condylar and coronoid processes.

Back 93

Mandibular notch

Front 94

Name the four major sutures of the skull.

Back 94

Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lamboid suture
Squamous suture

Front 95

Name the location of the coronal suture.

Back 95

Goes across the frontal bone.

Front 96

Name the location of the sagittal suture.

Back 96

Goes between the parietal bones; runs from the coronal suture to the
lamboid suture.

Front 97

Name the location of the lamboid suture.

Back 97

Goes around the occipital bone.

Front 98

Name the location of the squamous suture.

Back 98

Goes around the temporal bones.

Front 99

Name three functions of the sphenoid bone.

Back 99

Forms the cranium floor
Connects the cranial and facial bones
Acts as a cross-brace and strengthens the sides of the skull

Front 100

Name the fossa that is the depression within the sella turcica.

Back 100

Hypophyseal

Front 101

Name the gland that lies within the hypophyseal fossa.

Back 101

Pituitary gland

Front 102

Name the bone that is the location of the crista galli.

Back 102

Ethmoid bone

Front 103

Name the canal that provides passage for the carotid artery.

Back 103

Carotid canal

Front 104

Name the foramen between the occipital and temporal bones that
provides passage for a very large vessel.

Back 104

Jugular foramen

Front 105

Name the attachment site for muscles that extend or rotate the head.

Back 105

Mastoid process

Front 106

Name the attachment site for ligaments that support the hyoid bone to
the pharynx and tongue.

Back 106

Styloid process

Front 107

Name the foramen that provides passage for facial nerves that control
facial muscles.

Back 107

Stylomastoid foramen

Front 108

Name the gland that is responsible for lubricating the surface of the
eyes.

Back 108

Lacrimal gland

Front 109

Name the depression of the frontal bone that marks the location of the
lacrimal gland.

Back 109

Lacrimal fossa

Front 110

Name the connection between the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.

Back 110

Foramen magnum

Front 111

Name the number of cervical vertebrae.

Back 111

7

Front 112

Name the number of thoracic vertebrae.

Back 112

12

Front 113

Name the number of lumbar vertebrae.

Back 113

5

Front 114

Name the vertebras that consist of five bones which begin fusing after puberty.

Back 114

Sacrum

Front 115

Name the bone created by the fusion of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2).

Back 115

Prominent dens

Front 116

Name the vertebras that consist of three-five bones which usually
begin fusing about age twenty-six.

Back 116

Coccyx

Front 117

Name the vertebras that are considered primary curves because they
appear late in fetal development.

Back 117

Thoracic and sacral vertebras

Front 118

Name the vertebras that are considered secondary curves because they
appear several months after birth.

Back 118

Cervical and lumbar vertebras

Front 119

Name the disease that is an exaggerated thoracic curvature.

Back 119

Kyphosis

Front 120

Name the disease that is an exaggerated lumbar curvature.

Back 120

Lordosis

Front 121

Name the disease that is an abnormal lateral curvature.

Back 121

Scoliosis

Front 122

Name the three processes of the sternum.

Back 122

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

Front 123

Name the number of pairs of ribs.

Back 123

12

Front 124

Name the number of pairs of “true” ribs.

Back 124

1-7

Front 125

Name the number of pairs of “false” ribs.

Back 125

8-12

Front 126

Name the number of pairs of “floating” ribs.

Back 126

11-12

Front 127

Name the number of bones found in the axial skeleton.

Back 127

80

Front 128

Name the number of bones found in the appendicular skeleton.

Back 128

126

Front 129

Name the total number of bones found in the human body.

Back 129

206

Front 130

Name the bones that form the pectoral girdle.

Back 130

Clavicles – 2
Scapulae – 2

Front 131

Name the bone that is the medial end of the clavicle.

Back 131

Sternal

Front 132

Name the bone that is the distal end of the clavicle.

Back 132

Acromial

Front 133

Name the bone that is the broader end of the clavicle.

Back 133

Acromial

Front 134

Name the medial tubercle of the humerus.

Back 134

Lesser tubercle

Front 135

Name the lateral tubercle of the humerus.

Back 135

Greater tubercle

Front 136

Name the bone that contains the olecranon.

Back 136

Ulna

Front 137

Name the two processes where the ulna and radius attach to the wrist.

Back 137

Styloid process of the ulna
Styloid process of the radius

Front 138

Name the cavity where the scapula articulates with the humerus.

Back 138

Glenoid cavity

Front 139

Name the anterior process of the scapula.

Back 139

Coracoid process

Front 140

Name the posterior process of the scapula.

Back 140

Acromion process

Front 141

Name the number of carpals.

Back 141

16

Front 142

Name the bone that sits anterior to the triquetrum.

Back 142

Pisiform

Front 143

Name the number of metacarpals.

Back 143

10

Front 144

Name the number of phalanges found in the hand.

Back 144

14

Front 145

Name the bone also referred to as the ossa coxae.

Back 145

Hip bones

Front 146

Name the bone that you rest on when in a sitting position.

Back 146

Ischial tuberosity

Front 147

Name an important function of the lesser, true pelvis.

Back 147

Birth canal.

Front 148

Name the three bones that form the ossa coxae.

Back 148

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

Front 149

Name the longest, heaviest bone in the human body.

Back 149

Femur

Front 150

Name the prominence that runs along the posterior surface of the
femur.

Back 150

Linea Aspera

Front 151

Name the type of bone classification that the patella falls into.

Back 151

Sesamoid

Front 152

Name the process that provides lateral stability from the leg to the
ankle.

Back 152

Lateral malleolus

Front 153

Name the number of bones found in the tarsus.

Back 153

7

Front 154

Name the largest tarsal bone

Back 154

Calcaneus

Front 155

Name the number of phalanges found in the foot.

Back 155

14

Front 156

Name the proper name for the big toe.

Back 156

Hallux