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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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Cardiac Muscle: Striated or Un-Striated? Voluntary? Branching: nucleus? Connected by?
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Straited. Involuntary. Branching uni-or binucleated cells connected by gap-junction containing intercalated discs.
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Skeletal Muscle: Located where? Striated or Unstriated? Voluntary or Involuntary? Nucleus?
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Located in skeletal muscles. Striated. Voluntary. Long multinucleated cells
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Smooth Muscle: Located where? Striated? Voluntary or Involuntary?
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Non-straited. Involuntary, uni-nucleated cells. Surrounding organs/intestines/walls of blood vessels.
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Sarcolemma=
Sarcoplasm= |
=Plasma membrane of muscle cells.
=Cytoplasm |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue: 3 layers (name)
All known as: |
Endomysium
Perimysium Epimysium Known as DEEP FACIAE |
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Epimysium
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surrounds named muscle// dense irregular CT
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Perimysium
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surrounds individual fascicles (group of muscle cells)
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Endomysium
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Within fascicles, surrounds individual muscle cells
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Muscle cell=
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muscle fiber = MYOFIBER
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Transverse Tubules=
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"t-tubules" infoldings of sarcolemma
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Nuclei located where?
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Located deep to sarcolemma
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) contains what? Equivilent to?
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= Smooth ER.
Contains calcium. |
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Terminal cisternae=
Contain what? |
expanded parts of SR. contain high concentrations of calcium
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Triad:
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The complex of a T Tubule flanked by 2 terminal cisternae at each A-I junction
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Myofibrils:
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Bundles made of myofilaments surrounded by sleeve of SR
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Myofilaments=
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Filaments: thick and thin that form striations
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Thick filaments:
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MYOSIN: Found in center of Sarcomere and overlapping inner ends of thin filament. Contain ATPase enzymes.
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ATPase Enzymes:
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split ATP (energy storing molecules) to release the energy required for muscle contraction.
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Thin filament:
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ACTIN: Attached to Z disc and extending toward center of sarcomere
Keywords: troponin//tropomyosin |
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Sarcomere:
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Basic unit of contraction: extends from Z line (disc) to Z line with M line present in the middle
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A band:
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"dark band" composed of THICK and THIN myofilaments: does NOT change during contraction or relaxation
<DARK> |
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M line:
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Located in the middle of the A band and at the middle of the sarcomere: anchors thick filaments
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H zone:
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composed of thick filaments only: DISAPPEARS at full contraction, REAPPEARS during relaxtion
<CLEAR> |
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I band:
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"light band" composed of THIN FILAMENTS ONLY; bisected by Z line; becomes smaller during contraction and returns to original width at relaxation
<LIGHT> |
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Action potential is initiated and propagates along the motor neuron axon to axon terminal.
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STEP 1 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Action potential triggers the exocytosis of acetylcholine (ACh)from the synaptic vesicles present in the axon terminal.
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STEP 2 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and bind to Ach receptors on the motor end-plate.
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STEP 3 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Motor end-plate depolarizes and propagates the action potential along the sarcolemma.
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STEP 4 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Transverse tubules (infoldings of sarcolemma) depolarize.
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STEP 5 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Depolarization of the transverse tubules triggers the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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STEP 6 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Calcium binds to the troponin of the thin filaments.
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STEP 7 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Tropomyosin moves from its blocking position, uncovering binding sites on the actin molecules.
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STEP 8 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Myosin heads bind to actin.
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STEP 9 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Myosin heads swivel, detach and reattach to another binding site on actin.
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STEP 10 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Step "10" is repeated numberous times, until thin filaments are pulled in towards the "M" line of each sarcomere.
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STEP 11 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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When the muscle fiber contracts: "I" bands shorten; "H" zone disappears, "A" band remain the same length and the sarcomere shortens.
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STEP 12 Contraction: Skeletal Muscle
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Joints can be classified by either?
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Function or Structure.
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3 functional classifications of Joints are?
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1) Synarthroses (immovable)
2) Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) 3) Diarthroses (freely movable) |
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3 Structural classifications of joints are?
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1) Fibrous (dense CTP, no joint capsule)
2) Carilaginous (cartilage, no joint capsule) 3) Synovial (joint capsule, diathrosis) |
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3 types of fibrous joints:
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1) Sutures
2) Syndesmoses 3) Gomphoses |
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Suture: Joint
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Fibrous, skull. Become synostoses at middle age (bones fuse)
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Syndesmoses: Joint
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Fibrous, distal tibiofibular, tibiofibular and radioulnar interosseous ligaments.
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Gomphosis: Joint
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Fibrous, Peg-in-socket joint (tooth in socket) Known as periodontal ligament
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2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints
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1) Synchondroses
2) Symphyses |
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Synchondroses: Joint
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A joint where HYALINE cartilage unites the bone.
ex. Temporary: Epiphyseal plates. Permenant: first sternocostal joint |
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Symphyses: Joint
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Where fibrocartilage (discs with anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus) unites the bone. Ex. Pubic symphysis and intervertebral articulations
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Which joint is the most common and free moving?
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Synovial Joints.
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Features (general) of Synovial Joint
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1. Articular cartilage.
2. Joint cavity (synovialcavity) 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing Liagaments 6. Nerves and blood vessels 7. Articular discs (some) |
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Articular Cartilage:
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Hyaline cartilage covers articular ends of bones.
SYNOVIAL |
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Synovial Cavity:
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aka Joint cavity. Contains synovial fluid
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Articular capsule
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aka joint capsule. outer layer called FIBROUS capsule and inner layer called SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.
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Fibrous Capsule
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Dense irregular CTP. Outer layer of articular capsule. Strengthens joint so bones not pulled apart.
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Synovial Membrane
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Loose CTP. Inner layer of articular capsule. Function: to make synovial fluid.
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Synovial fluid
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Primarily a filtrate of blood from capillaries and glycoproteins from fibroblasts. Functions as a lubricant and nourishes articular cartilage.
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Reinforcing Ligaments
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Stabilize. Connect bone to bone. Dense Regular CTP
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Nerves and blood vessels.
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Richly innervated and vascularized.
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Articular discs:
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Fibrocartilage in some joints only, i.e. menisci of knee joint and mandibular joint.
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Bursae:
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bags of synovial fluid (lubricant) which reduce friction. Occurs where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones overlie eachother and rub together.
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Tendon Sheaths:
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Elongated bursa that wrap around tendons (which connect muscle to bone)
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Types of Osseous Tissue
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Compact & Spongy
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Bone Marrow: types and functions
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Yellow= Fat storage
Red= Hematopoietic |
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Knee Joint: movement
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modified hinge (flexion/extension) with limited medial/lateral rotation
Synovial Joint |
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Knee: Ligaments
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ACL, PCL, Fibular (lateral) Collateral, Tibial (medial) Collateral, POSTERIOR (popliteal-acrute/oblique), ANTERIOR (patellar)
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Patellar Ligament
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Anterior: Actually a continuation of the quadriceps tendon.
Knee jerk reflex site |
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Popliteal Ligament
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Consists of the oblique and arcuate.
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Fibular Collateral
aka? |
aka Lateral Collateral... descends from lateral FEMORAL epicondyle to head of FIBULA
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Tibial Collateral
aka? |
aka Medial Collateral
runs from medial femoral epicondyle to medial condyle of tibia. |
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ACL
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Intracapsular Ligament.
"Anterior Cruciate": attaches from anterior intercondylar area of TIBIA to lateral condyle of FEMUR |
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PCL
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Intracapsular Ligament
"Posterior Cruciate": Posterior intercondylar area of TIBA to medial condyle of FEMUR. STRONGER THAN ACL. |
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Articular Discs: Knee
Medial and Lateral Menisci |
Attach to tibial condyles: deepen articular surface, cushion and stabilize joint.
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Bursae: Subcutaneous prepatellar
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Most commonly injured when the knee is bumped anteriorly.
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3 Types of Cartilage
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Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage.
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What is Cartilage?
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A connective tissue (Avascular & non-innervated) that consists of cells called CHONDROCYTES and an abundant extracellular matrix.
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Looks like frosted glass. Most abundant type. Thin collagen unit fibril.
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2 Cell types of Cartilage:
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Chondrocytes in lacuna; chondroblasts in perichondrium
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Cartilage Matrix:
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made of ground substance and fibers (collagen or elastic)
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Hyaline cartilage function/locations
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Support cushion. //
Found: embryonic skeleton, articular and costal cartilage, growth plates, nose, trachea and bronchi. |
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2 types of Cartilage growth
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Appositional and Interstitial
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Appositional growth
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chondroblasts (from surrounding perichondrium) secrete matrix. GROWTH FROM OUTSIDE
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Interstitial growth
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Chondrocytes from WITHIN divide and secrete new matrix
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Perichondrium
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What surrounds cartilage. A layer of dense irreg. CTP. Helps to resist pressure. Growth and repair of cartilage.
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Function of bone
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Support, protection, movement, muscle attachments, mineral storage, hematopoiesis
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What minerals are stored in bones?
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Calcium and phosphate
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What is hematopoiesis?
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blood cell formation
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Is calcified cartilage bone?
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NO! Bone and cartilage are always distinct tissues.
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Bone matrix made of?
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ground substance and collagen fibers
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Bone cells?
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osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
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Chemical Comp. of bone?
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35% organic=osteoid
65% inorganic mineral salts |
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Long Bone Morphology: Epiphyses and Diaphysis
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Epiphyses: articular ends covered by articular cartilage
Diaphysis: covered by periosteum; medullary cavity lined with endosteum. NUTRIENT FORAMINA with blood vessels, nerves |
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Periosteum
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Covers bones externally, except for articular surfaces, attaches via SHARPEYS FIBERS.
Dense Irregular CTP and osteogenic layer with osteoblasts and osteoclasts. |
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endosteum
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lines internal cavities. Osteogenic layer only
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Red Marrow
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makes blood (Hematopoietic) found in axial skeleton, pectoral, pelvic girdle, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
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Compact Bone
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dense: Diaphyseal cylinder, epiphyses, skull bone plates
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Where are osteoblasts found? Purpose?
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in peri/endosteum. They synthesize matrix and become osteocytes
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Osteocytes
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fully differentiated cells that maintain matrix.
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Osteoclasts. Nuclues? Purpose?
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in peri/endosteum. multinucleated, mobile cells, numerous lysosomes secrete Hydrochloric acid for bone resorption.
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Endochondral Ossification
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Hyaline cartilage model replaced by bone tissue. Epiphyseal plates replaced by epiphyseal lines (i.e. anatomical neck of humerus)
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Intramembranous Ossification
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skull, clavicle. mesenchymal membrane gives rise to bone tissue (i.e. fontanels)
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