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63 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Stages of cellular respiration With oxygen |
Glycolosis Intermediate step Kreps cycle Electron transport chain |
There are 3 |
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Glycolysis |
1st stage Breaks down long glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate Takes place in cytoplasm Anaerobic ( without oxygen) Products : 2 ATP, (2 NADH+) + 2 H+, 2 acetyl CoA |
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Intermediate step |
Pyruvate undergo decarboxylation. Takes place in mitochondria Areobic (w/ oxygen) Products : 2 CO2, (NADH+) + 2H+, 2 acetyl CoA |
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Krebs cycle |
2nd stage Cycle where acetyl CoA combines w/ oxalaotic acid to make citric acid. Takes place in Mitochondria Areobic (w/ oxygen) Products: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, (6NADH+) + (6H+), 2 FADH2 |
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Electron transport chain |
3rd stage and final stage Makes bulk of ATP. Takes place in in cristae of inner mitochondria Aerobic ( w/oxygen) Products : H2O + (10NADH+), 2FAD, 32/34 ATP |
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Cellular respiration without oxygen |
Glycolysis Fermentation |
In both cases ( with or without oxygen) 2 ATPs are produced |
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Gluconeogenesis |
Converting none-carbohydrate sources through pyruvic to glucose in the liver. |
Neo - none-carbo source to glucose in liver |
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Glycogenesis |
Converting extra glucose into glycogen to replenish depleared muscles. |
Glucose into glycogen -glycogenesis |
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Glycogenolysis |
Breaking glycogen back down into glucose. |
Breaking down glycogen -glycogenolysis |
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Cell membrane |
Transports substances in and out of the cell. |
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Cytoplasm |
Contains cytosol and organelles. |
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Nucleus |
Genetic info, provides instructions for protein synthesis. |
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Nucleolus |
Manufactures ribosomes |
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Chromatin |
In none dividing cells |
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Chromosomes |
In deciding cells, has histones |
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RER |
Protein synthesis, glycosylation, synthesize phospholipids |
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Ribosomes |
Synthsize proteins |
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SER |
Lipid synthesis, drug detox |
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Golgi body |
Modifies and packages for in and out of cell or lysosomes |
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Mitochondria |
Synthesize ATP (cell resp.), power house |
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Vesicle |
Where materials are transported or stored |
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Lysosomes |
Digestion |
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Peroxisome |
Breaks hydrogen peroxide, detox |
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Cytoskeleton |
Shape, traffic, hold organelles, movement |
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Microtubule |
Cell division, component of cillia, flagellum, tubule, 9+2 arrangement |
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Intermediate fillament |
Resist mechanical stress |
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Microfillament |
Muscle contraction, intracellular movement, cillia |
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Centrioles |
Forms spindle aster/fiber, base of cillia/flagellum |
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Flagellum |
Propel sperm, microtubule |
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Microvilli |
Increase surface area |
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Cillia |
Propel substances across cell surface |
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Junctions |
Tight junction Desmosomes Gap junctions |
There are 3 |
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Tight junction |
Adjacent cells, fusion phospholipid layer Seals intracellular space, no passing Lining of stomach, intestines |
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Desmosomes |
Patch holding cells together (like a snap) Resist mechanical and form internal tension Epidermis, lining of uterine cervix |
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Gap junctions |
Formed by ring-like connexion Solutes pass from one cell to the next Intercalated discs at cardiac muscle, between cells of smooth muscle |
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Tonicity |
Isotonic -equal Hypertonic -crenation (shrink) Hypotonic- hemolysis (burst) |
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Vitamins |
Regulate cellular activity |
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Mitosis |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and cytokenesis |
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Prophase |
Chromosomes coil, become visible Centrioles move to opposite poles Spindle fibers form & asters form Nuclear envelope disappears |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes form in the center Microtubules of spindle apparatus attach to centromere's |
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Anaphase |
Centromere split chromatid pair Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles |
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Telophase and cytokenesis |
Daughter chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Nuclear envelope reappears Spindle fibers & aster disappear Cytokenesis- cytoplasmic division (at cleavage furrow) 2 daughter cells |
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Glycocalyx |
Loose composition of carbohydrate coating across entire cell surface |
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Functions of Glycocalyx |
Negative charge Protection Immunity Fertilization Embryonic development Defense against cancer Transplant compatibility |
There are 7 |
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ATP balance |
Glycolysis----> 4-6 ATP Intermediate step----> 6 ATP Krebs cycle ----> 24 ATP 36-38 ATP per glucose
ETS ----> 32-34 ATP ( only for electron transport system ☝🏽, NOT for glucose ) do not confuse |
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Epithelial tissue |
Protect, absorb, secrete, excrete, surface transport, sensory The main function is protection |
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Simple squamos |
Function: Diffusion and filtration. Location: alveoli of lungs, gas exchange, kidney tubules, lining of blood vessels , body cavaties, viscera . |
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Simple columnar |
Function: Absorbtion, secretion Location: lining of intestinal and stomach lumen. |
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Simple cuboidal |
Function: Excretion, secretion, absorbtion Location: kidney tubules, ovaries, pancreas, any gland |
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Simple ciliated columnar |
Function :Move egg, prevent sperm. Location : filopian tubes |
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Pseudostatified ciliated columnar |
Function: remove dust and bacteria in mucus Location: trachea, bronchial tubes |
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Stratified squamos |
Function: mitosis takes place Is keratinized Location- outer layer of epidermis Can withstand abrasions, desication, and bacterial invasion. Is dead |
Keratinized |
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Non keratinized cells |
Location: oral cavity, pharynx, nasal cavity, vagina, anal cavity Characteristics: can withstand minor abrasions, moist ( no fluid loss), is alive |
Opposite of keratinized |
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Transitional |
Function: Permit the bladder to stretch and withstand toxicity of urine. Location: urinary system (bladder/uterus) |
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Epithelial glands |
Exocrine Mecrocrine gland Hollocrine gland Apocrine gland Endocrine
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There are 5 |
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Exoxrine |
Characteristics: Connect by ducts that they secrete from Simple, don't branch;compound branch Tubular, sac, or both (tubuloalveolar) |
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Mecrocrine gland |
Characteristics: Produce and secrete intermittently Does not cause destruction Pancreas, goblet cells |
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Hollocrine gland |
Characteristics : Secrete accumulates w/cell Discharges upon rupture or death New cell replaces old Sebaceous gland |
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Endocrine |
Characteristics : Has no ducts Secretes directly into blood Testes, ovaries, pancreas |
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Characteristics of enzymes |
Globular proteins Biological catalysts Regulate and speed up rate of chem reactions They are specific Lower activation energy |
There are 5 |
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Purines |
A-G Adenine and Guanine Double ringed structure |
Purines are longer while pyrimidines are short. In RNA Thymine is replaced w/ uracil |
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Pyrimidines |
C-G Cytosine and Guanine Single ringed structure |
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Function of DNA polymerase |
An enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides. Essential for DNA replication |
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