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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the epicardium also known as? |
The visceral layer that lies closely against the heart |
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What is the second layer of the pericardium? |
The parietal layer -is separated from the visceral layer bar a small amount of pericardial fluid |
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What arteries supply blood to the heart tissues? |
Coronary arteries |
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What vein drains blood from the mile cardio capillaries joining in and large vein the coronary sinus which I’m teasing to the right atrium? |
Cardiac veins |
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Which ventricle is the strongest and largest of the four cardiac chambers? |
The left ventricle |
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What is afterload? |
Pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood |
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What is stroke volume? |
The amount of blood ejected per contraction? |
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What is cardiac output? |
Expressed as liters per minute is the amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in one minute |
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What is ejection fraction? |
The normal heart continues to pump out the same percentage of blood returned |
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Name the three cardiac function |
Chronotropic: rate of contraction Dromotropic: rate of Electrical conduction Inotropic: Strength of contraction |
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What do chemoreceptors sense? |
They sent changes in the chemical composition of blood |
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What are baroreceptors? |
Baroreceptors respond to changes in pressure usually within the heart |
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What are the two major veins that drain the head and neck? |
The external and internal jugular veins |
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Describe lymphatic vessels |
They only carry fluid away from the tissues |
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Lymphatic trunks drain lymph from lymphatic vessels into which 2 collecting ducts? |
Thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct |
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Describe the thoracic duct |
It is larger and longer Receives the length from the lower limbs It empties into the left subclavian vein |
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Describe the right lymphatic duct |
It receives live from the right side of the head and neck It empties into the right subclavian vein near the right jugular vein |
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What is lymph? |
Thin fluid form from interstitial extracellular fluid Lax plasma proteins |
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What are the functional units of a lymph node? |
Lymph nodules or follicles Denser arrangements of lymphoid tissue found in loose connective tissue of the digestive, respiratory and urinary systems |
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Major collections of lymph nodes are located where? |
In the axilla, the neck (cervical nodes) and groin (inguinal) |
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The body’s defenses are divided into general categories what are they? |
Innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defenses |
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What is the innate (nonspecific) defenses do? |
This type of defense is present at birth it is an immune response that is predictable each time the body is exposed to a particular challenge |
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What is the innate (nonspecific) defenses do? |
This type of defense is present at birth it is an immune response that is predictable each time the body is exposed to a particular challenge |
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What are adaptive defenses? |
Immunity Specialize lymphocytes recognize foreign molecules and act against them the response to a given substance is faster and stronger after each subsequent exposure |
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What is the innate (nonspecific) defenses do? |
This type of defense is present at birth it is an immune response that is predictable each time the body is exposed to a particular challenge |
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What are adaptive defenses? |
Immunity Specialize lymphocytes recognize foreign molecules and act against them the response to a given substance is faster and stronger after each subsequent exposure |
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What are the five basic functions of neuroglia in the nervous system? |
Supporting skeleton for neural tissue Isolate and protect the cell membranes of neurons Regulates the composition of interstitial fluid Defend neural tissues from pathogens Aid in the repair of injury |
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What is the innate (nonspecific) defenses do? |
This type of defense is present at birth it is an immune response that is predictable each time the body is exposed to a particular challenge |
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What are adaptive defenses? |
Immunity Specialize lymphocytes recognize foreign molecules and act against them the response to a given substance is faster and stronger after each subsequent exposure |
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What are the five basic functions of neuroglia in the nervous system? |
Supporting skeleton for neural tissue Isolate and protect the cell membranes of neurons Regulates the composition of interstitial fluid Defend neural tissues from pathogens Aid in the repair of injury |
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What nervous tissue surrounds myelinated nerves? |
Schwann cells |
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Name the three parts of the nervous system |
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system |
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What does the autonomic nervous system control? |
Controls smooth, muscle cardiac muscle and glands Fight or flight response Not under conscious control: Pulse rate, blood pressure, intestinal motility, pupillary response |
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Describe the nerves in the brachioplexus |
Innervate the shoulder and upper extremity |
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Describe the nerves in the brachioplexus |
Innervate the shoulder and upper extremity |
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Describe axillary nerve |
Supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles enabling arm abduction and lateral rotation |
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Name the five layers of the epidermis |
Stratum germinativum Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum |
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Name the five layers of the epidermis |
Stratum germinativum Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum |
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Where are sebaceous glands Abundant? |
Scalp, face, nose, mouth and ears |
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Sweat glands are divided into two types. Name them |
Merocrine : Solution containing salt and urea and apocrine glands: Coiled tubular glands that usually open into hair follicles as well as around the anus |
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Another word for earwax |
Cerumen Ceruminous glands |
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A laceration |
A wound with a smooth or jagged edge resulting from tearing or scraping action |
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An avulsion |
Flaps of skin and tissue are torn loose or pulled off completely |
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Segmentation in the small intestine |
Mixing movements involved in alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle |
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Name three pairs of major salivary glands |
Parotid gland: largest, anterior to each ear, rich in amylase Submandibular: inside lower jaw, more viscous than parotid Sublingual: smallest, thick string secretions |
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How is your stomach divided? |
Cardiac region: opening Fundic region: temporary storage Body region: dilated Pyloric region: narrower, pyloric sphincter |
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What are the glands of the stomach? |
Parietal: Produce hydrochloric acid Chief: produce pepsinogen Endocrine: Produce regulatory hormones |
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Plicae circulares |
Increase the surface area available for absorption |
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Plicae circulares |
These fools greatly increase the surface area available for absorption They contain fingerlike projections called villi |
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Ampulla of vater |
This is where the common bile duct and the hepatic duct drain into the opening (or lumen) of the duodenum |
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What does the gallbladder store? |
Bile -A digestive enzyme produced by the liver -once cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder contraction |
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Name three pancreatic enzymes that digest proteins |
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase |
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Mesenteries |
Parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the organs |
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Paracrine secretions |
Only affect neighboring cells |
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Autocrine secretions |
Affect secreting cells only |
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Autocrine secretions |
Affect secreting cells only |
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Exocrine glands |
Secrete outside the body through sweat glands and tear ducts |
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Name the major endocrine glands (8) |
Pituitary glands Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Pineal gland Thymus gland Reproductive glands |
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Hormones |
Act by binding to receptors Steroids and thyroid hormones bind to receptors locates within cells |
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ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
For the development of the adrenal gland stimulated by stress, trauma, major surgery, fever |
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2 major hormones that the thyroid produces |
T3 : triiodothyronine T4: tetraiodothyronine Produced in response to stimulation from the anterior pituitary by TSH |
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Electrolytes that are actively transported, requiring energy in the kidneys |
Chloride and sodium |
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Electrolytes that are actively transported, requiring energy in the kidneys |
Chloride and sodium |
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Aldosterone |
Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands Increases rate of sodium and water resorption from the tubules to the blood ^ = retention of sodium and chloride \/ = increased urinary losses of these ions |
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Process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder |
Micturition- urination Detrusor muscle rhythmically contracts |
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3 main functions of ovaries |
Production of immature female gametes-oocytes Secretion of Female sex hormones Secretion of inhibin |
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What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall |
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium |
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3 major functions of the vagina |
Serving as a passageway for the elimination of Menstrual fluids Receiving the penis Holding the spermatozoa |
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The vaginal wall has three layers |
Inner mucosal layer Middle muscular layer Outer fibrous layer |
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How long does spermatogenesis take? |
64 days |
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What is the placenta attached to? |
Endometrium on one side and surrounds the embryo on the other side |
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At what week can you hear audible fetal heart tones on the Doppler ultrasound? |
12 |
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A delicate transparent membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids |
Conjunctiva |
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A delicate transparent membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids |
Conjunctiva |
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What are the three parts of the war? |
Outer: pinna, ear canal,eardrum (exterior portion of the tympanic membrane) , middle: ossicles , and inner parts: cochlea and semicircular canals |
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This incision of balance involves two different mechanisms: |
The kinetic labyrinth system : senses movements of the head and the static labyrinth system: Senses the position of the head relative to gravity or linear acceleration/ deceleration |
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What are the two kinds of equilibrium? |
Dynamic equilibrium and static equilibrium |
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What are the first cells to detect odor? |
Olfactory receptor cells that line the upper posterior region of the nose Pass through the cribriform plate to the old factory bulb(Analyze odor impulses) Transmitted along the olfactory tracks to the limbic system Most smells are interpreted in the olfactory cortex of the Temporal lobe of the brain |
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Fat soluble vitamins |
A, D, E, K |
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Fat soluble vitamins |
A, D, E, K |
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Water soluble vitamins |
B vitamin group and vitamin C |
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Cellular respiration (aerobic metabolism) requires three types of reactions |
Glycolysis The citric acid cycle Electron transport chain |
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Heat is dissipated from the body by four mechanisms |
Radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation |
