Test One

Front 1

overgeneralization

Back 1

error in reasoning, observable conclusion drawn from smaller populations inappropriately applied to larger social cases or assumed for all cases

Front 2

selective observation

Back 2

error in reasoning, preferring individual, internal beliefs; perceptions fail to provide adequate window into world around us

Front 3

illogical reasoning

Back 3

error in reasoning, prematurely jumping to conclusion in order to further a point

Front 4

resistance to change

Back 4

reluctance to accept new information

Front 5

ego based committments

Back 5

changing position/belief after previously stating one may be difficult

Front 6

excessive devotion to tradition

Back 6

flowing with social paths is beneficial, but too much may stifle adaptation to changing circumstances and appropriation of new information

Front 7

uncritical agreement with authority

Back 7

lacking courage to critically challenge authoritative positions/ideas

Front 8

3 reasons for resistance to change

Back 8

1. ego based commitments

2. excessive devotion to tradition

3. uncritical agreement with authority

Front 9

How do you reduce overgeneralization?

Back 9

systematic procedure for selection of participants to truly represent hopeful research population

Front 10

How do you reduce selective/inaccurate observation?

Back 10

measure/sample systematically

Front 11

How do you reduceillogical reasoning?

Back 11

identify explicit causes for determining causability

Front 12

What helps decrease resistance to change (ego-based, ex. devotion, & unquestioning respect) within criminology?

Back 12

scientific method

Front 13

social science

Back 13

use of scientific method to investigate individuals, societies, and social processes

Front 14

pseudoscience

Back 14

beliefs not based in scientific fact, but bolstered as factually proven through testimony

Front 15

What 3 policy motivations drive criminological research?

Back 15

policy motivation

academic motivation

personal motivation

Front 16

policy motivation

Back 16

encourages criminological research, increase the effectiveness/application of policy

Front 17

academic motivation

Back 17

encourages criminological research, determining patterns within information

Front 18

personal motivation

Back 18

encourages criminological research, values the reduction of violence/misfortune and hopes to remedy

Front 19

4 purposes of social scientific research

Back 19

descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, evaluation

Front 20

descriptive research

Back 20

purpose for scientific research; describing social phenomena, measurable (frequency, qualities, and sampling)

Front 21

exploratory research

Back 21

purpose for scientific research; observing how people interact, "what's going on here?," capturing relatively large, unstructured information

Front 22

explanatory research

Back 22

purpose for scientific research; considering the goal of a social phenomena, cause and effect and its variations

Front 23

evaluation research

Back 23

purpose for scientific research; determining effectiveness of social program, implements and outcomes

Front 24

What ways conduct descriptive research?

Back 24

police reports, surveys

Front 25

What ways conduct exploratory research?

Back 25

open-ended questions

Front 26

experimental approach

Back 26

evaluating the efficacy of a program/policy

Front 27

surveys/questionaires

Back 27

versatile method of collecting data

Front 28

secondary data analysis

Back 28

reanalysis of existing data

Front 29

content analysis

Back 29

representation of topic through the media

Front 30

historic events research

Back 30

analyzing documents from the past for corresponding patters/information

Front 31

crime mapping

Back 31

physically demonstrating relationship between criminal behavior and geography

Front 32

quantitative method

Back 32

recording variations in social life which have observable amounts/magnitude

Front 33

qualitative method

Back 33

capture and record social life as participants experience it

Front 34

triangulation

Back 34

combining research methodologies to create improved research

Front 35

3 aspects of validity

Back 35

measurement validity, generalizability, casual validity (internal)

Front 36

authenticity

Back 36

concerned with reflecting fairly observable data

Front 37

measurement validity

Back 37

measuring what we think we're measuring

Front 38

two aspects of generalizeablity

Back 38

sample generalizeability and cross population generalizeability

Front 39

sample generalizeability

Back 39

when an observed subset conclusion may be accurately applied to the larger population

Front 40

cross-population generalizeability

Back 40

when an observed subset conclusion may be accurately applied to other subsets

Front 41

casual validity

Back 41

truthfulness of the assertion A causes B

Front 42

authenticity

Back 42

fairly reflects social phenomena

Front 43

criminological research question

Back 43

answering some aspect of crime/deviance

Front 44

3 stages in formulating research question

Back 44

1. identify question

2. refining question

3. evaluating question

Front 45

3 criteria for good social research questions

Back 45

feasibility, social importance, scientific relevance

Front 46

5 roles of criminological theory

Back 46

1. explain/understand

2. predict

3. organize

4. guide future research

5. guide public policy

Front 47

theory

Back 47

logically interrelated set of proposition, usually containing theoretical constructs and is falsifiable

Front 48

theoretical constructs

Back 48

identifying what is important to understand, explain, predict, and encourage reaction

Front 49

falsifiable

Back 49

requirement of a theory to be testable

Front 50

serendipitous findings/anomalous findings

Back 50

unexpected patterns

Front 51

What is the research circle?

Back 51

moving from theory to data and back again

Front 52

deductive resoning

Back 52

general idea to specific reality (theory to data)

Front 53

inductive reasoning

Back 53

specific reality to general idea (data to theory)

Front 54

hypothesis

Back 54

tentative statement about empirical reality

Front 55

variable

Back 55

observable characteristic/property

Front 56

constant

Back 56

static observable characteristic/property

Front 57

independent variable

Back 57

variable that causes/leads to manipulated result

Front 58

dependent variable

Back 58

variable that is hypothesized to differ depending on the influence of the independent variable

Front 59

What are the scientific guidelines provided?

Back 59

1. reduce personal investment

2. systematically

3. document/record

4. clarify assumptions

5. specify

6. maintain skepticism

7. replicate

8. maintain interest in theory

9. search for patterns

Front 60

Belmont Report

Back 60

established three ethical principles:

1. respect for persons

2. beneficience (reducing harm)

3. justice (distributing effects fairly)

Front 61

institutional review board

Back 61

IRB, required to conduct research with funding

Front 62

What are ethical principles

Back 62

1. validity

2. openness

3. protecting research participants

Front 63

What are the research guidelines regarding participants?

Back 63

reduce risk to harm, disclosure, voluntary participation, confidentiality

Front 64

debriefing

Back 64

participants discussing experiences/reveal of logic

Front 65

positivism

Back 65

social research philosophy, an objective reality exists apart from perceptions of those who observe it

Front 66

postpositivism

Back 66

social research philosophy, reality is sensitive to the complexity and limitations of scientists (biases brought)

Front 67

What is the goal of science?

Back 67

intersubject agreement

Front 68

interpretivism

Back 68

reality is socially constructed and goal is to understand meaning assigned to it by people

Front 69

constructivism

Back 69

reality in which different stakeholders vary in constructing their beliefs

Front 70

participatory action research

Back 70

encourages researchers to avoid common rut of observation

Front 71

concept

Back 71

a mental image summarizing a set of similar observations, feelings, ideas

Front 72

conceptualization

Back 72

process of specifying; used to conduct observations

Front 73

operation

Back 73

value of variable/procedure or actually measuring concepts intended to measure

Front 74

operationalization

Back 74

process of specifying the operations

Front 75

level of measurement

Back 75

mathematical precision with which values of a a variable can be expressed

Front 76

What are the four levels of measurement?

Back 76

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Front 77

nominal level of measurement

Back 77

no mathematical interpretation

Front 78

ordinal level of measurement

Back 78

numbers assigned specify order in a greater than or less than distinction

Front 79

interval level of measurement

Back 79

fixed measurement units, greater, equal to, or less than, no fixed point

Front 80

ratio level of measurement

Back 80

represent fixed measurements with the inclusion of absolute zero

Front 81

4 methods of increasing measurement validity

Back 81

1. face value

2. content validation

3. criterion validation

4. construct validation

Front 82

face validity

Back 82

pertains to concept being measured

Front 83

content validity

Back 83

covers full range of concept's meaning

Front 84

criterion validity

Back 84

accurately be compared

Front 85

construct validity

Back 85

related to variety of other measures, when no clear criterion may be observed

Front 86

reliability

Back 86

measurement is consistent

Front 87

test-retest reliability

Back 87

results don't change regardless of interval of time

Front 88

interitem reliability

Back 88

multiple items to measure a single concept

Front 89

alternate forms reliability

Back 89

compare subjects answers to slightly different versions

Front 90

split-halves reliability

Back 90

divided in two and randomly assigned a method, if answers are same, reliability is there

Front 91

4 ways to prove reliability

Back 91

1. test-retest

2. interitem

3. alternative form

4. split-halves

Front 92

population

Back 92

entire set of elements

Front 93

sample

Back 93

subset of elements from larger population

Front 94

sampling frame

Back 94

list from which the elements of a population are selected

Front 95

elements

Back 95

individuals selected from list

Front 96

single-stage sample

Back 96

study in which individual people are sampled and focus of study, sampling units same as elements

Front 97

sampling error

Back 97

differences between characteristics of a sample

Front 98

target population

Back 98

set of elements larger than or different from population and the set which researchers would like to draw observations

Front 99

representative sample

Back 99

looks like population

Front 100

probability sampling methods

Back 100

random selection

Front 101

what two aspects increase confidence in sample

Back 101

larger sample and homogeneous population

Front 102

types of probability sampling methods

Back 102

simple, systematic, stratified, multistage

Front 103

simple random sampling

Back 103

strictly on basis of chance

Front 104

systematic random sampling

Back 104

periodicity

Front 105

stratified random sampling

Back 105

elements divided to be observed for some relevant characteristic

Front 106

weight

Back 106

number you multiply by the value of each case

Front 107

multistage cluster sampling

Back 107

less information, when no sample frame is available

Front 108

cluster

Back 108

naturally occurring aggregate of the general population

Front 109

availability sampling

Back 109

using elements for easy availability

Front 110

What are nonprobability sampling methods?

Back 110

availability, quota, purposive, and snowball

Front 111

quota sampling

Back 111

less rigorous in procedure expectations, hopes to limit assumption of availability of participants

Front 112

purposive (judgment) sampling

Back 112

sample element selected for specific purpose/knowledge

Front 113

snowball sampling

Back 113

useful for hard to reach elements

Front 114

units of observation

Back 114

units of analysis

Front 115

ecological fallacy

Back 115

drawing conclusions for individual-level process from group-level process

Front 116

reductionist fallacy

Back 116

drawing conclusions for group-level processes from individual-level process