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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Matter
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What is matter made up of?
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Elements
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A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.
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Element
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A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
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Compound
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List an example of a compound. How does a compound differ from an element?
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Sodium Chloride is a compound. Compounds differ from elements because they have different characteristics.
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These elements make up 96% of living matter.
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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Elements that are required by an organism in minute quantities.
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Trace elements
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The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
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Atom
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Atoms are composed of subatomic particles. List these particles -
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Neutrons, protons, and electrons
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A subatomic particle with no electrical charge.
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Neutrons
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A subatomic particle with a positive charge.
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Protons
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A subatomic particle with a negative charge.
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Electrons
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What do neutrons and protons form?
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Atomic nucleus
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The unit of atomic mass
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Daltons
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The number of protons in an element's nucleus.
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Atomic number
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How do elements differ from each other?
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Due to the number of protons they have. The number of protons is the defining property of an atom.
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The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
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Mass number
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An atom's total mass that can be approximated by the mass number.
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Atomic mass
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Two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons.
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Isotopes
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The capacity to cause change.
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Energy
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The energy that matter has because of its location or structure.
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Potential energy
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An electron's state of potential energy
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Electron shell
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Describe how energy behaves when it is in its highest energy shell versus its lowest energy shell.
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Energy is absorbed when going from the lowest energy to the highest energy, energy is lost when going from the highest energy to the lowest energy.
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Electrons in the outermost shell are called...
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Valence electrons
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How is the chemical behavior of an atom determined?
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By the number of valence electrons
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Three dimensional space where an electron is found
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Orbital
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The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
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Covalent bond
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Consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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Molecule
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The sharing of one pair of valence electrons
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Single bond
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The sharing of two pairs of valence electrons
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Double bond
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The notation used to represent atoms and bonding
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Structural formula
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A combination of two or more different elements.
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Compound
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An atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond.
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Electronegativity
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In this type of bond, the atoms have the same or similar electronegativity and share the electron equally.
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Nonpolar covalent bond
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In this type of bond, one atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not share the electron equally.
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Polar covalent bond
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A charged atom or molecule
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Ion
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The result when atoms strip electrons from their bonding partner.
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Ionic bonds
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A positively charged ion
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Cation
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A negatively charged ion
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Anion
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An attraction between an anion and a cation
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Ionic Bond
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Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called..
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Ionic compounds or salts
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Forms when an atom in a covalent bond is electrically attracted to an atom in another covalent bond.
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Hydrogen bond
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Common electronegative partners in living cells when a covalent bond is electrically attracted to an atom in another covalent bond.
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Hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen atoms
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Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of "hot spots" of positive or negative charge.
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Van der Waals Interactions
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Help reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other.
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Weak chemical bond
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What is a molecule's shape determined by?
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The positions of its atoms valence orbitals
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How do structures such as endorphin and morphine know to bind to endorphin receptors?
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Because biological molecules recognize and interact with each other with a specificity based on molecular shape.
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The making and breaking of chemical bonds.
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Chemical reactions
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What are the starting molecules of a chemical reaction called? What are the final molecules of a chemical reaction called?
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Reactants; products
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What occurs when chemical reactions are reversed?
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Products of the forward reaction become reactants for the reverse reaction.
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What type of molecule is a water molecule?
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Polar
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This type of molecule has two ends that has opposite charges.
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Polar
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What are the ends of of the polar molecule attracted to?
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Other water molecules, ions, or other polar molecules
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Allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other.
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Polarity
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What are the four properties of water that facilitate an environment for life?
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Cohesion and adhesion, the ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent
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This process helps the transport of water against gravity in plants and involves hydrogen bonds holding water molecules together.
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Cohesion
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The attraction between different substances between water and plant cell walls.
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Adhesion
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The measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid, a result of cohesion between water molecules.
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Surface tension
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Water absorbs heat from ______ air and releases stored heat to _____ air.
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Warm; heat
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The energy of motion.
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Kinetic energy
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A measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion.
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Heat
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Measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules.
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Temperature
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The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
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Calorie
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The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius.
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Specific Heat
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How does water resist changing its temperature?
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Due to its high specific heat
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Why does water have a high specific heat?
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Due to hydrogen bonding - heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and heat is released when hydrogen bonds form.
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The transformation of a substance from liquid to gas.
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Evaporation
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The heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram to be converted to gas.
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Heat of vaporization
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The process when as liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools.
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Evaporative cooling
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What does evaporative cooling of water help stabilize?
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Temperatures in organisms and bodies of water
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How are water molecules structured when it is frozen?
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The hydrogen bonds are more ordered and closer together
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A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances.
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Solution
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The dissolving agent of a solution.
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Solvent
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The substance that is dissolved.
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Solute
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A solution in which water is the solvent.
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Aqueous solution
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Why is water a versatile solvent?
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Due to its polarity
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A substance that dissolves in water.
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Hydrophilic
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A substance that does not dissolve in water.
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Hydrophobic
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Is a polar molecule hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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Hydrophilic
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Is a non polar molecule hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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Hydrophobic
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Why are oil molecules hydrophobic?
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Because most of their bonds are nonpoar.
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A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid that is NOT a solution.
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Colloid
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The sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule.
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Molecular mass
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The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
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Molarity
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Explain how a hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shift from one to the other.
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The hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton (aka hydrogen ion).
The molecule with the extra proton is now a hydronium ion The molecule that lost the proton is now a hydroxide ion |
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Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution.
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Acid
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Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution.
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Base
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Have pH values less than 7.
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Acidic solutions
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Have pH values greater than 7.
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Basic solutions
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Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
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Buffers
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The study of compounds that contain carbon.
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Organic chemistry
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Determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms.
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Electron configuration
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Form the main structure of most organic molecules.
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Carbon chains
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Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
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Hydrocarbons
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Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.
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Isomers
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A type of isomer that has different covalent arrangement of their atoms.
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Structural isomers
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A type of isomer that has the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements.
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Geometric isomers
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A type of isomer that are mirror images of each other.
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Enantiomers
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Components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
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Functional groups
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What is this organic molecule? - OH
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Hydroxyl
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The primary energy transferring molecule in a cell.
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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What four classes of large biological molecules are living things made up of?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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Large molecules that are composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.
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Macromolecules
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A large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.
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Polymer
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What three classes of life's organic molecules are polymers?
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Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
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Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.
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Condensation reaction (aka dehydration reaction)
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How are polymers disassembled to monomers?
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By hydrolysis
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Includes sugars and the polymers of sugars.
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Carbohydrates
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What are the simplest carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
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What are the macromolecules of carbohydrates?
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Polysaccharides
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Polymers that are composed of many sugar building blocks.
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Polysaccharides
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Have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O.
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Monosaccharides
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How is a disaccharide formed?
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When a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.
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A storage polysaccharide of plants that consists entirely of glucose monomers.
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Starch
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A storage polysaccharide in animals.
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Glycogen
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This polysaccharide is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells.
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Cellulose
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How do some herbivores digest cellulose?
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By having symbiotic with microbes that are able to digest cellulose.
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A structural polysacchride that is found in the exo skeleton of arthropods that provides the structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.
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Chitin
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A class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers.
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Lipids
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A molecule that is constructed from two types of smaller molecules - glycerol and fatty acids.
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Fats
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Why do fats separate from water?
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Because water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and not the fats.
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This type of fatty acid has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.
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Saturated fatty acids
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This type of fatty acid has one or more double bonds.
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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Most animal lipids are ________, while most plant and fish lipids are _______.
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Saturated, unsaturated
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Major function of lipids
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Energy storage
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Where do humans and other mammals store their lipids?
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Adipose cells
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In this type of lipid, two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol.
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Phospholipid
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What happens when phospholipids are added to water?
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They self assemble into a bilayer and the hydrophobic tails point towards the interior.
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Lipids that are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
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Steriods
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A steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes.
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Cholesterol
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List the functions of protein.
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Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances.
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Function of enzymatic proteins.
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Selective acceleration of chemical reactions. An example would be digestive enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules.
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Function of defensive proteins.
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Protection against disease. An example would be antibodies inactivating and destroying viruses and bacteria.
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Function of storage proteins.
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Storage of amino acids. An example would be casein (protein of milk) being stored in the seeds of plants.
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Function of transport proteins.
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The transport of substances, an example would be hemoglobin transporting oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.
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Function of hormonal proteins.
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Coordination or an organism's activities. An example would be insulin causing other tissues to take up glucose which regulates blood sugar concentration.
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Function of receptor proteins.
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Response of the cell to chemical stimuli. An example would be receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detecting signaling molecules released by other nerve cells.
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Function of contractile and motor proteins.
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Movement, motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella.
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Function of structural proteins.
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Support, example is keratin, the protein of hair, horns, feather, and other skin appenadages.
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Polymers built from monomers called amino acids.
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Polypeptides
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Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups.
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Amino acids
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Why do amino acids differ in their properties?
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Due to differing side chains (r groups).
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What are amino acids linked by?
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Peptide bonds
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A protein's _________ determines its function.
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Structure
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What are the four levels of protein structure?
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- Primary structure (unique sequence of amino acids)
- Secondary structure (coils and folds in polypeptide chain) - Tertiary structure (determined by interactions among various side chains) - Quaternary structure |
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The loss of a proteins native structure.
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Denaturation
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Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.
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Chaperonins
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Nucleic acids are polymers called...
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Polynucleotides
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Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called..
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Nucleotides
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What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?
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Pyrimidines and purines
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A DNA molecule has two polynucleotides spiraling around an axis, forming a....
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Double helix
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