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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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threshold stimulation
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the minimum strength to cause a contraction
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all or none
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when reach threshold stim, the fiber contracts fully
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myogram
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recording of movement
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myogram phases
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stim, latent period, twitch with periods of contraction, relaxation
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fatigue
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the inability to contract due to decreased blood supply, lack of ACh, increased lactic acid (shut down)
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cramp
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an altered extracellular environment (Na+, CI, lactic acid) creates an uncontrolled stimulation (spasm)
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oxygen debt
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equals the amount of oxygen required by the liver cells to convert accumulated lactic acid into glucose, plus restore muscle cells to their orig. concentrations of ATP and CP
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additional sources of energy
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creatine phosphate transfers energy to create ATP; muscle fibers via cellular respiration of glucose to make ATP
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muscle structure
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cell; cytoplasm, mito, multinuclei, myofibrls
myofirils; actin and myosin striations; i bands, a bands, z to z sarcoplasm channels; SR, transverse tubules |
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sarcomere
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basic contractile unit
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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surrounds each myofibril; stores calcium ions
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transverse tubules
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open to the surface, allowing the impulse to reach SR
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neuromuscular junction
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connection between a motor neuron and muscle fiber
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synaptic cleft
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space between the motor neuron and muscle membrane
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motor unit
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a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls. Usually one motor end plate per muscle though axons of motor neurons are branched.
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neurotransmitter
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chemical messenger released by synaptic vesicles of the neuron
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epimysium
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surrounds skeletal muscle
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perimyisum
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surrounds bundles of muscle
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endomysium
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surrounds each muscle fiber to reduce friction
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muscle conditioning
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with training the muscles synthesize more glycolytic enzymes and produce more mitochondria and capillaries
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Glyocolysis
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Glucose = pyruvic = acetyl CoA
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Oxygen debt steps
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Glycolysis
Citric acid Electron transfer |
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Oxygen supply for cellular respiration
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Hemeglobin
Myoglobin (temp. storage of O2) |
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Atrophy
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Decrease in size/strength due to disuse/injury
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in size from new actin and myosin
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Cerebral palsy
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Trauma to the brain resulting in the disruptment of signals from the brain and muscles
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Polio
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Virus that causes motor neurons to degenerate
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Parkinsons
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Lack of dopamine creates inability to control muscles
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Dystrophies
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Dystrophin links to actin in cell membrane, without it you get weak, degenerative muscle. Can be fatal.
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Botulism
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Prevents release of acetylcholine
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Curare
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Binds to acetylcholine receptor sites
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Venoms
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Block release or explosive release of acetylcholine
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Smooth muscle described
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Long tapering, single nucleus, no striations (random A&M lineup), involuntary
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Types of smooth muscle
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Multiunit: separate fibers
Visceral: in sheets. Can excite each other, display rhythmically. This leads to peristalasis. |
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Neuroglial cell types
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Microglial; ogliodendrocytes; astrocytes; ependymal; Schwann
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Microglial cell functions
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Phagocytize, junk cleaner
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Oglidendrocytes function
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Myelin in CNS
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Astrocytes function
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CNA framework, scar tissue formation, B2 barrier
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Ependymal functions
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Produces CSF
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Schwann cell functions
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In PNS they form a sheath around each fiber after spiraling around larger axons to produce a myelin coating.
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Most mature neurons don't divide though some cells divide to produce neurons or neurglia.
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Damaged PNS neurons with neurlemma) tegenerate
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Neuron structure
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Axon with hillock, dendrites, cell body with neurofibrils, Nissk bodies, and nucleolus, and neurilemma
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Bipolar neurons
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Two processes, like eyes and nose
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Unipolar neuron
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One process, many branches like Ganglion
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Multipolar neuron
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Many processes like in brain and spinal cord
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Sensory neurons
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Most are unipolar, from the PNS to the CNS
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Interneuron
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CNS, multipolar
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Motor neuron
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Muscle/glands, multipolar, from the CNS to the PNS
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Ganglia
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A cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
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Reflex
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Sensory/inter/motor. Quick and protective.
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Meninges
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Membranes that help protect the brain and spinal cord
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Meninges types
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Dura mater, arachnoid mater, cerebrospinal fluid, pia mater
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Dura mater
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Outer layer, fibrous connective tissue, protective
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Arachnoid mater
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Middle layer, weblike membrane
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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Clear, watery fluid between the arachnoid and pia mater. Nutritive and protective.
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Pia mater
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Inner, very thin, nerves, blood vessels, sits on surface of the brain
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Four major brain parts
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Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brain Stem
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Cerebrum functional regions
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Motor areas, sensory areas, association areas. Sensory, complex motor, mental functions.
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Cerebrum structure
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Convoluted hemispheres with grooves connected by corpus callosum with cortex (grey matter = cell bodies) and white matter (myelinated nerve fibers)
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Projection tracts
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Connects cortex to lower brain or Sensory tracts
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Association tracts
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Connects areas in same hemispheres
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Commisural tracts
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Connects right and left hemispheres
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Neurotransmitter types
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Excitatory (depol) and Inhibitory (hyperpol)
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ach, epinephrine, norepinephrine
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excitatory neuratransmitters
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dopamine, seratonin
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inhibitory neurotransmittoers
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Diencephalon function
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processes sensory information
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thalamus functions
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primary relay for ascending sensory impulses
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hypothalamus
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regulates bp, temp, hunger, heart rate
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Diencephalon parts
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thalamus, hypothalamus
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Cerebellum
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coordinate voluntary muscle movements and posture
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brain stem
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connects cerebrum to spinal cord, regulates certain visceral activities
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midbrain
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connects brain to cord
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pons
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connects cerebrum to medulla
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medulla oblongata
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vasomotor, respiration, cardiac center
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ventricles
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cavities with CSF produced my choroid plexuses
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reticular formation
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fiber network from diencephalon to upper cord; activates cortex to wakefulness
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Cranial PNS nerves
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twelve pair, head and face function
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spinal PNS nerves
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8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal, 31 mixed
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PNS subcategories
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sensory and motor
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Motor subcategories
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somatic and autonomic
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Autonomic subcategories
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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sensory function
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thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, pain
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integration function
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impulses = perception = decision
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motor function
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response via effectors
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effectors
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a structure that responds to a nerve impulse such as a muscle or gland
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membranous sacs in cell body of neuron
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Nissl bodies (similar to rough ER)
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ion distribution
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determined by membrane pores and types of ions
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cell membrane potential defined
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the surface of a cell membrane is usually charged with respect to the inside
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cell membrane potential factors
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Na-K pumps, difference in permeability of membrane to various ions
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moving action potential
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impulse
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origin and insertion
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skeletal muscle actions
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muscle action types
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prime mover/ synergists/antagonists
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cardiac muscle
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short, branched, striated, involuntary, single nucleous, self-exciting with intercalated discs
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spinal cord
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continuous with brain to termination at L2. Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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impulse processing
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neuronal pools, facilitation, convergence, divergence
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neuronal pools
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within CNS, neurons work as a group
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facilitation
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a state after subthreshold stimulation; more exciteable to new incoming stimuli
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convergence
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many pre, one post. MERGING
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divergence
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one pre, many post. SPREADING OUT.
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