Test Ii

Front 1

The most resourceful advocate of a stronger national government was...

Back 1

Alexander Hamilton

Front 2

Who was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.

Also, wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation

Back 2

Alexander Hamilton

Front 3

After the Annapolis meeting, what alarmed many apathetic leaders and lead to an increase of participation in the Philadelphia convention?

Back 3

The Shays's Rebellion, which was a clash between farmers and merchants.

Brought on by post-war economic crises along with the state government not responding quickly enough.

Front 4

Why were the delegates divided?

Back 4

They couldn't agree on the Virginia Plan or the New Jersey Plan.

Front 5

What are the differences between the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan, and what conclusion did the delegates choose.

Back 5

The Virginia Plan a population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature; whereas the New Jersey Plan gives one vote per state for equal representation.

Franklin created a "grand committee", which produced a proposal known as the "Great Compromise." It called for a two-house legislature.

Front 6

Many questions remained unresolved during the Philadelphia convention, among the most important was? And how was it resolved?

Back 6

Slavery was a big issue, questions about would salves be counted or would they be considered property.

The Great Compromise stated that in the lower house, states would be represented on the basis of population [Virginia Plan]; each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a free person.

Front 7

After the Great Compromise, what important issues remained unresolved that caused fear that the national government might abuse its new authority?

Back 7

The absence of a list of individual rights, which would restrain the powers of the national government.

Front 8

The principal author of the United States Constitution, and is often called the "Father of the Constitution" is....

Back 8

James Madison

Front 9

Madison's most important achievement helped resolve what two philosophical questions? And how was it done?

Back 9

The question of sovereignty and the question of limiting power.

Madison and friends decided that all power, at all levels of government, flowed from the people.

He also had the idea of "checks and balances" [many centers of powers "checking each other" and preventing any single authority from become too powerful.

Front 10

The Constitution's most ditinctive feature was its....

Back 10

"separation of powers" within the government, its creation of "checks and balances" among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Front 11

Statesmen and public figures supporting ratification of the proposed Constitution of the United States between 1787 and 1789 were called what?

And who were some of their BIG supporters?

Back 11

They were called Federalists, the Federalist Papers are documents associated with their movement.

Supporters: Franklin, Washington, A. Hamilton, Madison, John Jay.

Front 12

The first Congress created departments, referred to as executive departments - state, treasury, war, and attorney general. Who did Washington appoint for each office?

Back 12

Office of secretary of treasury, Alexander Hamilton

Office for secretary of war, General Henry Knox

Attorney General, Edmund Randolph

Secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson

Front 13

The Antifederlaists were led by:

Back 13

Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams

Front 14

Biggest complaint from Antifederlaists was?

Back 14

The lack of a bill of rights

Front 15

Hamilton reasoned that to secure American independence, the United States needed to have a sound policy of encouraging the growth of manufacturing and secure its future as a permanent feature of the economic system of the nation.

What report recommended economic policies to stimulate the new republic's economy and ensure the independence won with the conclusion of the Revolutionary War in 1783.

Back 15

The Report on Manufactures

Front 16

What became prohibited government interference or support for religion and became an inspiration for the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

Back 16

The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom, which was written by Thomas Jefferson.

Front 17

What supported the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, and freedom of conscience.

Back 17

The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom, which was written by Thomas Jefferson.

Front 18

The first ordinance for territorial government, approved by Congress on 23 April 1784, invited settlers to form...

Back 18

temporary governments that would adopt the "constitution and laws" of one of the existing states. When the new "state" gained a population of twenty thousand free inhabitants, it would be entitled to draft its own constitution and claim admission to the union "on an equal footing with the … original states."

Front 19

Seven of the states in the Confederation had at one time or another put forth claims, often overlapping, to lands west of the Appalachians. Not surprisingly, the so-called “landless” states resented the potential benefit that might be enjoyed by the “landed” states.

What was used/made to fix this issue?

Back 19

Congress called upon the considerable talents of Thomas Jefferson; he proposed: the western territory be divided into 10 self-governing districts, each of which could petition Congress for statehood when its population equaled the number of free inhabitants of the smallest existing state. This was called "The Ordinance of 1784".

Front 20

What is the Ordinance of 1785?

Back 20

The Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land.

Front 21

The primary effect of this ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.

What is the name of THIS ordinance?

Back 21

Northwest Ordinance

Front 22

Who were the advocates of centralization, and why did they want to alter or abolish the Articles of Confederation?

Back 22

The government needed strengthening, Americans recognized that the Articles of Confederation, the foundation document for the new United States adopted in 1777, had to be substantially modified. The Articles gave Congress virtually no power to regulate domestic affairs--no power to tax, no power to regulate commerce.

Supporters of change included: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison,

Front 23

What did those who favored centralization see as the most serious problem of the Articles, and how would they have changed them?

What had prevented these changes?

Back 23

These "Founding Fathers" were relatively young and well educated by the standards of their time. Most were wealthy property owners, and many fear what one of them called the "turbulence and dollies" of democracy.

They ruled that each state delegation would have a single vote and that major decisions would require a simple majority.

Front 24

What were the two major points of view that divided the convention?

What plans did each side propose to carry its view?

Back 24

Madison's Virginia Plan vs The New Jersey Plan divided the convention.

The Virginia Plan [Large State's Plan] called for a strong national government with both branches of the legislative branch apportioned by population.

The New Jersey Plan [Small State's Plan] stated that its legislature only had one house which featured equal representation - each state gets the same number of representatives. This way, smaller states had the same power in the legislature as larger states.

Front 25

How were the differences between the "large state" and the "small state" plans resolved? What other issues divided the convention, and how were they resolved?

Back 25

The "Great Compromise" was submitted to the constitutional convention to break the deadlock created by the New Jersey Plan and The Virginia Plan. The convention decided, after months of debate, that the legislature will be bicameral, meaning there will be two houses, one house will have equal representation, while the other is based on population of the state.

Front 26

Many questions remained unresolved during the Philadelphia Convention, among them the most important was the question of slavery.

Would slaves be counted as part of the population in determining representation in Congress?

Or would they be considered property, not entitled to representation?

Back 26

The Three-Fifths compromise was the compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.

Front 27

What important issues remained unaddressed by the Constitution?

Back 27

Most important to many Americans was the absence of a list of individual rights, which would restrain the powers of the national government.

Front 28

What were some views on adding a list of individual rights, which would restrain the powers of the national government?

Back 28

Madison opposed the idea, arguing that specifying rights that were reserved to the people would, in effect, limit those rights.

Others, however, feared that without such protections the national government might abuse its new authority.

Front 29

What was to be the role of various branches of government under the new Constitution?

Back 29

The ultimate role of various branches of government was that no single group would ever be able to dominate the government as a whole. The idea of separation of powers; it created units of "checks and balances" among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Front 30

Why did the supporters of the new Constitution call themselves "Federalists"? Were they actually Federalists, or did their philosophy of government reveal them to be something else? If so, what?

Back 30

Federalism is the theory or advocacy of federal principles for dividing powers between member units and common institutions. This was the assumed belief of opponents of centralization had, thus began calling themselves, "Federalists".

However, the Anti-federalists [a name given by the Federalists] believed they were the true defenders of the principles of the Revolution. And that the Constitution would abolish individual liberty if it continued without a bill of rights.

Front 31

What method did the Federalists employ to get their views across to the people? What were their arguments, and how did the "Anti-federalists" respond?

Back 31

The Federalist used literature, which later became known as the Federalist Papers, to get their points across. These documents provided all the reasons to support the new plan of government described in the U.S. Constitution, and responses to each of the criticisms of the plan.

Opponents to the new plan criticize it most on it creating a strong central government that will be abusive to individual liberty.