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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many years ago did the supercontinent pangaea begin to break apart
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200 million years ago
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What was the name of the landmass that included present day north America and Eurasia to the north?
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Laurasia
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What was the name of the landmass that included present day Africa, South america, Australia, and Antarctica
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Gondwanaland
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What was the name of the organism who's fossil remains gave credibility to Wegener's theory of Pangaea
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Mesosaurus
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How can the Lithosphere be described?
a. Continuous b. Not-continuous c. Non-existant |
b. not continuous
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How fast are the lithospheric plates moving?
a.1-10 cm/year b.1-10 in/year c.1-10 ft/year |
a. 1-10 cm/yr
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What is the the theory that is accepted today that proposes Earth's outer shell consists of individual plates, which interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and the crust itself
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Plate Tectonics
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Even though the driving force of plate motion is still uncertain, what is the most likely explanation for how the lithospheric plates are driven?
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They are driven by convection currents in the asthenosphere
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Where is most important geologic activity found?
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Plate boundaries
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What are the three types of plate boundaries?
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1. Divergent
2. Convergent 3. Shear (transform) |
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What is another name for a divergent boundary?
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constructive
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What is an example of a divergent boundary?
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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What is the name of a volcanic mountain chain that has formed due to divergence where new oceanic floor is created?
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Mid-Oceanic Ridge
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What is the evidence supporting Sea Floor Spreading? (4)
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1.Age of sea floor basalt increases with increased distance from ridge
2.Age and thickness of sea floor sediment increases with increasing distance from ridge 3.Reversals in Earth's magnetic field shown in magnetic minerals which extend symmetrically away from ridges. 4. Volcanic island chains associated with hot spots |
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The volcanic island trail, for example Hawaii, shows the direction and speed of plate movement? True or False
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True
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A magnetic field the same as that which presently exists?
a.Moment magnitude b. reverse polarity c. normal polarity |
c.normal polarity
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A magnetic field opposite to that which presently exists?
a. Moment magnitude b.reverse polarity c. normal polarity |
b. reverse polarity
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How is Magma generated at shallow depths?
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Partial melting
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What is the name of the zone where earthquakes typically occur?
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Subduction zones or Benioff zone
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How is the top of a subduction zone marked?
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deep oceanic trench
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What kind of magma is generated by partial melting?
A.granitic b. Basaltic c.Peridotite |
A.Granitic
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What is an example of a volcanic arc on land?
A.Cascades b.Japan c. Hawaii |
A. Cascades-remember its on land not in the Ocean otherwise it would be volcanic arc island
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What is an example of a transform fault?
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San Andreas fault
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What is another name for a transform fault?
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Shear Boundary
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What is the nature of the Shear Boundary?
A.Constructive B.destructive C. Conservative |
C. conservative because it neither creates nor destroys lithospheric plates
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What is the nature of a Divergent Boundary?
A. Constructive B. Destructive C. Conservative |
A. Constructive because it creates new ocean floor
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What is the nature of a Convergent Boundary?
A. Constructive B. Destructive C. Conservative |
B. Destructive- Due to subduction of oceanic plates there is lithosphere which is absorbed back into the mantle thus destroying lithosphere
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Where do Earthquakes and Volcanism typically occur?
A.In the middle of plates B. At plate boundaries C, Divergent boundaries only |
B. At plate boundaries
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Where do Earthquakes occur most often?
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down subduction zones or the Benioff zone
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In the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake how much lateral movement occurred?
A.5 inches B. 5 meters C. 5 Kilometers |
B. 5 meters
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What is the largest earthquake in historical time in U.S.
a. 1811 earthquake in New Madrid b. 1964 earthquake in Alaska c. 1994 earthquake in Northridge |
a. 1811 earthquake in New Madrid
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What is the largest U.S. earthquake in the 20th century?
a. 1906 earthquake in San Francisco b. 1964 earthquake in Alaska c. 1994 earthquake in Northridge |
b. 1964 earthquake in Alaska
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What was the Magnitude in Prince William Sound Alaska?
a. 9.7 b.9.5 c. 9.2 |
c. 9.2
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How far away was the Alaskan earthquake felt?
a. 500,000 sq mi b. 600,000 sq. mi c. 700,000 sq. mi |
A. 500,000 sq mi
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What was the duration of the alaskan earthquake?
a.1-2 min b.3-4 min c.1-2 sec d. 3-4 sec |
B. 3-4 min- which is unusually long
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What was the vertical displacement of the 1964 alaskan earthquake?
a.15 meters uplift and 2.3 meters of subsidence b. 15in. uplift and 2.3 meters of subsidence c. 1.5 meters of uplift and 2.3 meters of subsidence d. 1.5 meters of uplift and 23 meters of subsidence |
A. 15 meters of uplift and 2.3 meters of subsidence
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Which feature formed as a result at the head of L street in Anchorage as a result of a landslide?
A. graben B. Dip C. Monocline D. Horst |
A. Graben
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Which Earthquake wave has the smallest amplitude?
A. P wave B. S wave C. Surface wave D. Tidal wave |
A. P wave
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Put the waves in order of arrival to geologic stations immediately following an earthquake
A. S wave, surface wave, P wave B. P wave, S wave, surface wave C. Surface wave , P wave, S wave D. S wave, P wave, surface wave |
B. P wave, S wave, surface wave
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Most destruction caused by an earthquake is caused by primary effects? True or false
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False most destruction is caused by secondary effects like tsunamis and mass wasting
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The 1994 Northridge earthquake was an example of an earthquake which occurred on what type of fault?
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Blind thrust fault
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What kind of geological feature often forms above a subsurface thrust fault?
A. Fold B.Lake C. Cliff D. Volcano |
A. Fold
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Rocks behave plastically at great depth, temperature, and high pressure? True or False
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True
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Folded strata can be exposed at the surface by?
A. Strike and Dip B. Gravitational collapse C. Isostatic uplift |
C. Isostatic Uplift
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Strata that are tilted are defined by the properties of?
A.Strike and Dip B. Gravitational collapse C. Isostatic Uplift |
A. Strike and Dip
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Strike is always perpendicular to the direction of dip? true or False
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True
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What is defined as the angle at which a rock layer is inclined from the horizontal?
A. Strike B. Slip C. Dip |
C. Dip
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Narrow sharp-crested ridge formed by the upturned edge of a steeply dipping bed of resistant rock?
A. oceanic ridge B. mid-oceanic ridge C. Hogback |
C. Hogback
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A fold is a bent layer or series of layers that were originally vertical and subsequently deformed. True or false
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False A fold is a bent layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed
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Layers of rock folded into a "U" shape form is a
A. Syncline B. Monocline C. Anticline D. Thrust Fault |
A syncline
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Layers of rock folded into an upside down U shape form
A. Syncline B. Monocline C. Anticline D. Thrust Fault |
C. Anticline
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Rocks that are flexed in one direction are?
A. Syncline B. Monocline C. Anticline D. Thrust Fault |
B. Monocline
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Rock folded up to a point?
A. Basin B. Monocline C. Dome D. Anticline |
C. Dome
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Rock folded down to a central point?
A. Basin B. Monocline C. Dome E. Anticline |
A. Basin
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In a syncline fold the age of the beds are
A. Older in the center and younger towards the edges B. Younger in the center and Older towards the edges C. The same age in the center and the edges |
B. Younger in the center and Older towards the edges
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In an anticline fold the age of the rock beds are
A. Younger in the center and older towards the edges B. Older in the center and younger towards the edges C. The same age in the center as the edges |
B. Older in the center and younger towards the edges
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The mass of rock overhanging the fault plane is the? And the other side is the
A. Foot wall, hanging wall B. Anticline, hanging wall C. Hanging wall, Foot Wall |
C. Hanging Wall, Foot Wall
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This type of fault is caused by the stretching of the crust and the hanging wall as a result moves down relative to the foot wall?
A. Lateral Fault B. Normal fault C. Reverse Fault |
B. Normal Fault
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This type of fault is caused by the compression of the crust and the hanging wall as a result moves up relative to the foot wall?
A. Lateral Fault B. Normal Fault C. Reverse Fault |
C. Reverse Fault
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When movement of fault takes place horizontally the fault is described as a?
A. Lateral Fault B. Normal Fault C. Reverse Fault |
A. Lateral Fault
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A cliff created by movement along a fault.
A. Fault scarp B. Dome C. Fault plane D. Fault creep |
A. Fault Scarp
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The Tetons of Wyoming are an example of
A. Complex Mountains B. Volcanic Mountains C. Fault- Block Mountains |
C. Fault-Block Mountains
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Block of crust uplifted and bounded by a fault
A. Syncline B. Anticline C. Graben D. Horst |
D. Horst
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Block of crust depressed and bounded by faults
A. Syncline B. Anticline C. Graben D. Horst |
C. Graben
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The cascades are an example of which kind of mountain?
A. Volcanic B. Fault-Block C. Complex |
A. Volcanic
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The Appalachians are an example of which kind of mountain?
A. Volcanic B. Fault-Block C. Complex |
C. Complex
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The Alutian Islands are the result of which kind of subduction?
A. Oceanic-Oceanic B. Oceanic-Continental C. Continent-Continent |
A. oceanic-oceanic
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The Andes are volcanic arc mountains and are the result of which kind of subduction?
A. Oceanic-Oceanic B. Oceanic-Continental C. Continent-Continent |
B. Oceanic-Continental
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The Himalayas are an example of which kind of collision?
A. Oceanic-Oceanic B. Oceanic-Continental C. Continent- Continent |
C. Continent-Continent
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Exotic Terranes are the result of accretion due to?
A. Plate Divergence B. Shear Boundary C. Plate Convergence |
C. Plate Convergence
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