Volume 1 Chapter 12

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

The basic structural unit of all plants and animals. They are specialized to carry out all the body's basic functions.

Front 2

Cell Membrane

Back 2

The outer covering of a cell.

Hint 2

Also called plasma membrane.

Front 3

Semipermeable

Back 3

Able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through.

Hint 3

Cell membranes are semipermeable.

Front 4

Cytoplasm

Back 4

The thick fluid, or protoplasm, that fills a cell.

Front 5

Organelles

Back 5

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

Front 6

Nucleus

Back 6

The organelle within a cell that contains the DNA, or genetic material.

Hint 6

In the cells of higher organisms, the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane.

Front 7

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 7

A high-energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells; when split by enzyme action, it yields energy.

Hint 7

Energy is stored in ATP.

Front 8

Tissue

Back 8

A group of cells that perform a similar function.

Front 9

Epithelial Tissue

Back 9

The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues.

Hint 9

Examples: skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the intestinal tract.

Front 10

Muscle Tissue

Back 10

Tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated.

Hint 10

There are 3 types of muscle tissue: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal (striated).

Front 11

Connective Tissue

Back 11

The most abundant body tissue; it provides support, connection, and insulation.

Hint 11

Examples: bone, cartilage, fat, blood.

Front 12

Nerve Tissue

Back 12

Tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body.

Front 13

Organ

Back 13

A group of tissue functioning together.

Hint 13

Examples: heart, liver, brain, ovary, eye.

Front 14

Organ System

Back 14

A group of organs that with together.

Hint 14

Examples: the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system.

Front 15

Organism

Back 15

The sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being.

Hint 15

Examples: the human organism, a bacterial organism.

Front 16

Homeostasis

Back 16

The natural tenancy of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment.

Front 17

Anatomy

Back 17

The structure of an organism; body structure.

Front 18

Physiology

Back 18

The functions of an organism; the physical and chemical processes of a living thing.

Front 19

Metabolism

Back 19

The total changes that take place during physiological processes.

Front 20

Negative Feedback Loop

Back 20

Body mechanisms that work to reverse, or compensate for, a pathophysiological process.

Front 21

Total Body Water (TBW)

Back 21

The total amount of water in the body at a given time.

Front 22

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Back 22

The fluid inside the body cells.

Front 23

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Back 23

The fluid outside the body cells.

Hint 23

Extracellular fluid comprises intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid.

Front 24

Intravascular Fluid

Back 24

The fluid within the circulatory system; blood plasma.

Front 25

Interstitial Fluid

Back 25

The fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system.

Front 26

Solvent

Back 26

A substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution.

Front 27

Dehydration

Back 27

Excessive loss of body fluid.

Front 28

Turgor

Back 28

Normal tension in a cell; the resistance of the skin to deformation.

Front 29

Overhydration

Back 29

The pressure or retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid.

Front 30

Electrolyte

Back 30

A substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles.

Front 31

Dissociate

Back 31

Separate; break down.

Hint 31

Example: when placed in water sodium bicarbonate dissociates into a sodium cation and a bicarbonate anion.

Front 32

Ion

Back 32

A charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons.

Front 33

Cation

Back 33

An ion with a positive charge.

Front 34

Anion

Back 34

An ion with a negative charge.

Front 35

Buffer

Back 35

A substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Front 36

Isotonic

Back 36

Equal in concentration of solute molecules; solutions may be isotonic to each other.

Front 37

Hypertonic

Back 37

Having a greater concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypertonic to another.

Front 38

Hypotonic

Back 38

Having a lesser concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypotonic to another.

Front 39

Osmotic Gradient

Back 39

The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane.

Front 40

Diffusion

Back 40

The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Front 41

Osmosis

Back 41

The passage of a solvent, such as water, through a membrane.

Front 42

Active Transport

Back 42

Movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient.

Front 43

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 43

Diffusion of a substance, such as glucose, through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper," or carrier protein.

Front 44

Osmolality

Back 44

The concentration of solute per kg of water.

Front 45

Osmolarity

Back 45

The concentration of solute per litre of water.

Front 46

Osmotic Pressure

Back 46

The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to "pull" water from the other side of the membrane.

Front 47

Oncotic Force

Back 47

A form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma. In the capillaries, the plasma colloids tend to pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane into the capillary.

Hint 47

Also called Colloid Osmotic Pressure.

Front 48

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 48

Blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heart beat.

Hint 48

Tends to force water out of the capillaries into the interstitial space.

Front 49

Filtration

Back 49

Movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space.

Front 50

Net Filtration

Back 50

The total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space.

Hint 50

Normally, hydrostatic pressure forcing water out of the capillary is balanced by osmotic force pulling water into the capillary for a net filtration of zero.

Front 51

pH

Back 51

A measure of relative acidity or alkalinity.

Hint 51

Abbreviation for Potential of Hydrogen.

Front 52

Acidosis

Back 52

A high concentration of hydrogen ions.

Hint 52

A pH below 7.35

Front 53

Alkalosis

Back 53

A low concentration of hydrogen ions.

Hint 53

A pH above 7.45

Front 54

Epidermis

Back 54

Outermost layer of the skin comprising of dead or dying cells.

Front 55

Sebum

Back 55

Fatty secretion of the sebaceous gland that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof.

Front 56

Dermis

Back 56

True skin, it is the layer of tissue producing the epidermis and housing the structures, blood vessels, and nerves normally associated with the skin.

Hint 56

Also called the corium.

Front 57

Sebaceous Glands

Back 57

Glands within the dermis secreting sebum.

Front 58

Sudoriferous Glands

Back 58

Glands within the dermis that secrete sweat.

Front 59

Subcutaneous Tissue

Back 59

Body layer beneath the dermis.

Front 60

Subcutaneous Tissue

Back 60

Body layer beneath the dermis.

Front 61

Subcutaneous Tissue

Back 61

Body layer beneath the dermis.

Front 62

Hematopoietic System

Back 62

Body system having to do with the production and development of blood cells.

Hint 62

Consists of the bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys, and blood.

Front 63

Pluripotent Stem Cell

Back 63

A cell from which the various types of blood cells can form.

Front 64

Hematopoiesis

Back 64

The process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells.