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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tips for Studying |
1. Only study 2. Make outlines 3. Elaborate 4. Distribute study time (don't cram) 5. Test yourself 6. Link examples to abstract principles 7. Sleep |
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Saccade |
Bottom-up (automatic) Every 300ms Drawn to visually salient items - high contrast - novel - different from surroundings Informed by top-down knowledge |
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Indeterminacy of Translation |
Situation "under specifies" a unique meaning "Gavegai" problem Solution: impose constraints on learning |
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Biases |
Innate or learned Expectations about stimuli in the environment Indicate what is relevant May be species-specific Fits evolutionary niche; generally adaptive Rats (olfactory), pigeons (visual) |
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Whole Object Constraint |
Innate Children assume labels refer to whole objects Ellen Markman (1989) Affects learning/application of words
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Cognitive Psychology |
1. Characterize how cognitive systems operate 2. Study biases and tendencies 3. Form testable predictions 4. Build detailed models 5. Study these models in the brain |
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Taxonomic Assumption |
Innate Labels can be extended to other objects of the same kind. Ellen Markman (1989) |
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Franciscus Donders (1868) |
Decision Making simple RT - push as fast as possible choice RT - decide L/R; then push 1. mental chronometry 2. assumed resource-limitation (time) 3. subtraction method |
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Mental Chronometry |
When a behavioral measure used to infer a mental process. First utilized by Donders |
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Subtraction Method |
Mental events are placed on the same basis as physical events. "Comparison method" used in MEG, EEG, fMRI |
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Hermann Ebinghaus (1885) |
First quantification of memory His own subject (low external validity) Variable delay
Behavioral measure to infer mental processes Memory for nonsense syllables dropped steeply with increasing time |
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William Wundt |
Introspectionism Mental processes --> sensations (basic elements) Taught analytic introspection Goal: direct access to mental processes; bypass inference from behavioral responses Highly variable results |
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Analytic Introspection |
Descriptive technique Standardized vocabulary Used to give accounts of experiences, thought processes. Goal: direct access to mental processes. Highly variable between subjects. |
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John B. Watson |
Behaviorism Argued internal processes are "invisible", cannot be objectively measured/verified/replicated. Behavior > consciousness Animals/infants |
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Behaviorism |
(Watson) Operational definitions Mental entities are not valid topics of study No inference of mental state Study, prediction, control of behavior itself |
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Operational Definition |
Specific, objectively observable metrics "Hunger" = lack of eating "Memory" = repetition of trained behavior (Behaviorism / Watson) |
