Test 5: Nervous System

Front 1

Waht are the sensory components of the Peripheral nervous system?

Back 1

1. Sensory NS
2. Automomic NS
3. Enteric NS

Front 2

composed of the sensory structures that collect information from outside of the body

ex. when you touch something hot

Back 2

Sensory Nervous System

Front 3

deals with sensations that come from both viscera (lungs, heart); also found in blood vessels, respond to changes in blood pressure; more internally directed

Back 3

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 4

deals with sensations that arise from the GI tract (stomach, intestines, etc.)

Back 4

Enteric Nervous System

Front 5

The ____ can bypass the CNS and go directly to the motor components of the PNS.

Back 5

Enteric Nervous System

Front 6

Brain and Spinal Cord

Back 6

Central Nervous System

Front 7

________ motor neurons (involuntary) deal with the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions--cannot control, under the control of the CNS

Back 7

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 8

The somatic motor neurons are _____ and go influence what effector?

Back 8

Voluntary; Skeletal muscles

Front 9

Autonomic motor neurons are __________: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisons. They influence what effectors?

Back 9

involuntary; Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 10

Enteric motor neurons are ________ and in the enteric plexuses of the GI tract. They influence what effectors?

Back 10

Involuntary; Smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells of GI tract

Front 11

The CNS directs the _______ by way of motor components to make a change occur.

Back 11

Effectors

Front 12

What are the Nervous System Functions?

Back 12

1. Sensory
2. Integrative
3. Motor

Front 13

picking up information whether it is external or internal

Back 13

Sensory

Front 14

All the information comes into the CNS and it decides what should be done; the CNS is a mass of synapses

*this power allows information can be transferred to influence actions

Back 14

Integrative

Front 15

The response we make in the light of the information coming in

Back 15

Motor

Front 16

Convey impulses--electrical changes running from one area to another (conveying information)

Back 16

Neurons

Front 17

Carry the impulse from the CNS to the Effectors; also known as ______ (means away from the CNS)

Back 17

Motor; Efferent

Front 18

Bring information TO the CNS, also known as ____________ (meaning towards)

Back 18

Sensory; Afferent

Front 19

Connects sensory to motor or run off connective patterns

Could consist of many... ??

Back 19

Association

-Interneuron or internuncial

Front 20

support and protect, outnumber the neurons; do not convey impulses but show activity around active neurons

Back 20

Neurogila

Front 21

Can send off an advance warning of information coming and also become active when the neurons they are surrounding are active

Back 21

Neurogila

Front 22

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal
Microgila
Glioma

What similar characteristic do these features have?

Back 22

They are all--Structural Components of the CNS

Front 23

form myelin sheath which is the insulating supporting structure that surrounds neurons

Back 23

Oligodendrocytes

Front 24

Form part of the blood barrier and maintain stable enviroment for the brain--protects it from toxins, helps stabilize

Back 24

Astrocytes

Front 25

What is the negative aspect of Astrocytes?

Back 25

They form scar tissue quickly

Front 26

Form part of the walls of the ventricles of the brain; ventricles are hallow spaces in the brain--there are 4

These cells form part of the lining of those ventricles

Back 26

Ependymal

Front 27

What are the 2 functions of Ependymal?

Back 27

1. Assist in the production and circulation of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

2. From part of the blood CSF barrier--helps maintain the enviroment of the brain

Front 28

Small phagocytes, cleaning up toxins and debris in the nervous tissue that needs to be cleared

Back 28

Microglia

Front 29

Tumor in nervous tissue of the brain, typically tumor cells of the CNS

Back 29

Glioma

Front 30

What is two structural components of the PNS?

Back 30

1. Satelite Cells
2. Neurolemmocyte (Schwann Cell)

Front 31

Help support and protect neurons, located in the PNS

Back 31

Satelite Cells

Front 32

Forms myelin sheath around the PNS neurons

Back 32

Neurolemmocyte--Schwann cell

Front 33

T/F:

Cell body contains a nucleus which CANNOT be split (does not go through mitosis); mitotic aperatous is not present

Back 33

TRUE

Front 34

Protein rods that help convey impluses and information, start at the top and run all the way through the cell body

Back 34

Neurofibrils

Front 35

Ribosomes scattered throughout, what are they called?

Back 35

Nissl Bodies

Front 36

Place where the cell body tapers down and assumes shape of the axon

Back 36

Axon Hillock

Front 37

Distal to axon hilock is the most sensitive part of the axon itself..called what?

Back 37

Inital Segment

Front 38

Cell body tapers into what two elongated regions?

Back 38

1. Axon Hillock
2. Inital Segment

Front 39

Brings information INTO the cell body, convey impulses into the cell body and can attach to or synapse with an earlier neuron

Also can arise from a sensory structure (EX: part of the eye)

Back 39

Dendrites

Front 40

What is another name for the cell body?

Back 40

Perikaryom

Front 41

What is the plasma membrane that surrounds the axon?

Back 41

Axolemma

Front 42

What is the main part of a neuron?

What is it called when there are two?

Back 42

Axon; Axon Collateral

Front 43

What is the cytoplasm of an axon called? What is located there?

Back 43

Axoplasm

Neurophils that run through the axon

Front 44

Where does the axon come to an end?

Back 44

Axon terminal

Front 45

What is another name for axon terminal?

Back 45

Telodendria

Front 46

What is the most distal point of the axon terminal where synaptic vesicles which contain neurotransmitters that allow impulse to spread?

Back 46

Synaptic End Bulb

Front 47

What are the gaps between the myelin sheath called?

Back 47

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 48

sections of unmyelinated axon between two Schwann cells

Back 48

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 49

T/F

Schwann cells have a nucleus outside of the myelin sheath

Back 49

True

Front 50

the plasma membrane of Schwann cells, outermost PM

Oligodendrocytes DO NOT form this

Back 50

Neurolemma

Front 51

What color is the myelin sheath?

Back 51

WHITE matter

Front 52

What color do the unmyelinated axons appear as?

Back 52

GRAY

Front 53

Multiple layers of what form the myelin sheath?

Back 53

Neurolemma (PM)

Front 54

What are the main functions of Myelin sheath?

Back 54

1. Protects the axon
2. Speeds up impulse prorogation

Front 55

Disorder related to myelin sheath problems causes plaque to form and block neurons to perform impulses--things start off small then progress, worsen and become fatal

Back 55

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Front 56

Jumping from one node to the next; impulse leaps from one node to the next, the entire axon does not have to be depolarized

Back 56

Saltatory Conduction

Front 57

What process is faster in conveying impulses: myelinated axon or unmyelinated axons?

Back 57

Myelinated axon carry FASTER impulses jumping from one node to the next

Front 58

Most go across entire axon, slower impulses

Back 58

Unmyelinated axon

Front 59

primary extracellular ion, more of this outside of the cell than K

Back 59

Sodium (Na+)--outside cell

Front 60

primary intracellular ion (inside the cell there is more of this than Na)

Back 60

Potassium (K+)--inside cell

Front 61

There is a _____ charge across the membrane inside the cell. There is a ______ charge outside the cell.

Back 61

negative charge inside; postive charge outside

Front 62

What is the polarized state?

Back 62

Resting membrane potential= -70mv

Front 63

Passive leakage channels operate and the concentration gradient levels out (becomes zero). To maintain RMP, there is what? Involves moving out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ that enters the cell.

Back 63

Sodium/Potassium Pump

Front 64

_____ has to be removed for a cell to change

Back 64

Resting membrane potential

Front 65

Small depolarization not reaching threshold firing level
--involves small opening of chemically-gated Na+ channels

Back 65

Graded Potential

Front 66

Point where depolarization becomes self-propagating; involves opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Back 66

Threshold firing level

Front 67

Large depolarization--total amplitude of 100mv

Back 67

Action Potential

Front 68

Returning to RMP--involves closing of Na+ channels and opening of voltage gated K+ channels

Back 68

Repolarization

Front 69

The effect produced by the Nodes of Ranvier of myelin sheath

Back 69

Salatory Conduction (to jump)

Front 70

Chemically gated sodium channels have started to open and small amounts of sodium has begun to go into the cell so it becomes a little less negative

Back 70

Graded potential

Front 71

If ________ is sufficent (has several) then it will bring axon up to threshold firing level and voltage gated ____ channels will have opened causing ___ to dump at rapid speed producing action potential and depolarization

Back 71

Graded Potential

Sodium

Front 72

What happens when threshold firing level is reached?

Back 72

Voltage gated sodium channels have opened--sodium enters cell and Action Potential causes depolarization

Front 73

_______ starts at the peak when no more sodium can come into the cell. What does this cause?

Back 73

Repolarization
-Na channels close, and voltage gated K channels open causing K to leave the cell and RMP to be restored

Front 74

action potential occurs, causing efflux of Sodium (Na gates open, K gates close)

Back 74

Depolarization

Front 75

causes enflux of potassium inside of the cell (K+ gates open, Na gates close)

Back 75

Repolarization

Front 76

Any junction between two any neurons

Back 76

Synapse

Front 77

Step 1: ________=opening of voltage gates, action is being carried down axon and goes to end bulb

Back 77

Action Potential

Front 78

Step 2: Appearance of _______ is seen when action potential goes down axon and reaches end bulb

Back 78

Calcium

Front 79

Step 3: Presence of calcium in the end bulb causes ___________ to move towards the synaptic cleft

Back 79

Synaptic Vesicles

Front 80

Steps 5,6,7: _________ bind with Na+ channels and set in motion the events that depolarize that postsynatpic neuron

Back 80

Neurotransmitters

Front 81

Presynaptic neuron synapses with 2 more presynaptic neurons..then those synapse with 2 more. This impulse is carried by 4, results in a wide spread impulse in a single direction.

Back 81

Diverging Circuit

Front 82

This circuit can recruit more motor units if needed

Back 82

Diverging Circuit

Front 83

Postsynaptic neuron has one result but what fires it can come from different stimulatory inputs (presynpases)

Example: firing a vomit neuron (3 other things occur making you vomit)

1 result is produced by many different impulses (one single postsynaptic)

Back 83

Converging Circuit

Front 84

Circuits once fired can go on until you die, continuous circuit for breathing; LIFESPAN CIRCUIT

example: sleep wake cycle--reverberating means you are awake; when the cycle breaks you fall asleep, then someone nudges you and you reverberate again=continous cycle

Back 84

Reverberating Circuit

Front 85

1. Allows you to solve complex problems (coming up with the same result from different pathways) OR

2. Keeping postsynaptic neuron continually fired

Back 85

Parallel after--Discharge Circuit