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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erickson's 8 stages of Development |
Explains the various stages of human development. Each stage has a social crisis. The crisis must be resolved at each stage before the next stage can be satisfactorily negotiated. 1. Infancy (0-1 years) Learning basic trust versus mistrust (hope); A well nurtured child develops trust and security 2. Toddler (1-2 years) Learning autonomy versus shame (will); The well-parented child emerges from this stage proud rather than feeling shamed 3. Preschool (3-5 years) Learning initiative versus guilt (purpose); Healthy children broaden their skills at this stage through active play. 4. Elementary School (6-12 years): Learning industry versus inferiority (Competence); Here the child learns the more formal life skills such as mastering reading, arithmetic, and some self-discipline. 5. Adolescence (13-19 years); Learning identity versus identity diffusion (fidelity); The adolescent can now answer satisfactorily and happily the question who am i? 6. Young adulthood (20-40 years) Learning intimacy versus isolation (Love); The successful young adult experiences the type of intimacy that makes possible a good marriage or a enduring friendship 7. Middle Adulthood (40-65 years); Learning generativity (building a generation) versus self-absorption; the successful adult engages in a partnership and raises children. 8. Late Adulthood (65 and over); Learning integrity versus despair (Wisdom); The mature adult has integrity, is independent, and enjoys people and work. If the earlier crises have not been resolved, he or she may have a self-view of disgust and despair. |
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Learning |
A lasting change in behavior based on practice and experience |
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Networking |
The process of establishing a group of contacts who can help you in your career. Networking refers to in person networking as well as to establishing contacts by use of social networking web sites. 5t |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Networking |
Networking is particularly helpful because it taps you into the internal job market. This market is the large array of jobs that haven't been advertised and are usually filled by word of mouth or through friends and acquaintances of employees. Offer you a promotion Help you find a better position Become a customer Become a valuable supplier Help you solve difficult problems Find a mentor People in your network can offer you emotional support during periods of adversity Over reliance on networking such as contacting people who probably have no interest in hearing form you can be annoying to the recipient. |
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What is cross cultural understanding? |
Cross cultural understanding simply refers to the basic ability of people within business to recognise, interpret and correctly react to people, incidences or situations that are open to misunderstanding due to cultural differences.
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How can cross cultural understanding be obtained? |
1) Develop cultural sensitivity and Cultural Intelligence 2) Focus on Individuals rather than groups |
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What are multi-cultural experiences? 3 Examples |
All direct and indirect experiences of encountering or interacting with people from foreign cultures. Traveling to other countries, eating at a foreign-themed restaurant, interacting with people from another culture via the internet |
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Why should one strive to have them? |
167-168 |
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What is cultural sensitivity? How can one develop cultural sensativity? |
An awareness of and a willingness to investigate the reasons why people of another culture act as they do. acquire knowledge about local customs and learn how to speak the native language patient adaptable flexible willing to listen and learn recognizes certain nuances in customs that help build better relationships with people from cultural backgrounds other than his or her own. multicultural savvy because you are smart enought to work well in different cultures. |
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What is the difference in behavior between an individualistic culture and collectivist culture? What are their values/motivations? Example Countries |
Individualism is a mental set in which people see themselves first as individuals and believe that their own interests take priority. Individualists value their careers more than the good of the firm. Winning in an employee of the month award. United States, Canada, and the Netherlands. Collectivism is a mental set in which people are more concerned with the organization or the work group than with themselves. Winning an award for the team Japan and Mexico |
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What is perception? What are some problems with perception? How is perception related to stereotypes and cross cultural relations? |
Perception is the various ways in which people interpret things in the external world and how they act on the basis of these perceptions. What a person perceives might be different from reality because of perceptual distortion through mental processes such as selective attention, denial, stereotyping, halo effect, and projection. |
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Multicultural identities |
Individuals who incorporate the values of two or more cultures because they identify with both their primary culture and another culture or cultures. |
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multitasking |
Performing multiple tasks at the same time |
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what are the pros and cons of multitasking |
increases productivity- accomplishing two or more tasks at once Performing more than one demanding cognitive activity at once lowers accuracy and productivity Mental output and depth of thought deteriorate No break down between work and personal life-The wired worker concentrates less on friends and family during leisure time Digital connectivity causes people to concentrate less on the face of the other person, and more on the screen of a computer or smartphone |
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when is it recommended |
Multitasking is recommended for routine chores.
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what are goals why is it good to have them |
Goal is an event, circumstance, object, or condition a person strives to attain. A goal reflects your desire or intention to regulate your actions. Goals give a person a purpose in life. Goals direct your activities. Goals help manage time correctly |
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what is resiliance |
Resilience is the ability to withstand pressure and emerge stronger because of an experience; being challenged and not breaking down. The ability to bounce back from a set back, and learn what to do better next time. |
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What is the difference between internal and external locus of control |
External locus of control: An individual's belief that external forces control his or her fate Internal locus of control: An individual's belief that fate is under his or her own control |
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What are video resumes? what are some advantages and disadvantages of using them? |
Interview done through video Advantages: Allow people to see who you really are. Disadvantages: Employers do not want to download and watch a video Reveals demographic factors (sex, race, age) |
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What is a personal brand? |
Personal brand is your distinctive set of strengths including skills and values. Your unique personal brand distinguishes you from competition |
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How do yo handle having a younger boss or an older subordinate? |
How to handle an older subordinate: Show respect for the subordinate's experience and wisdom Listen carefully Younger Boss: Do not assume that because your boss is younger, he or she is not qualified for the position Take the initiative to communicate frequently with your boss in an open way that focuses on work issues rather than the age difference Seek learning opportunities Express interest in learning new technologies and business processes Embrace change Express enthusiasm for being part of the team |
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What does it mean to be proactive? What are some advantages? |
Proactive personality: characteristic of a person who is unconstrained by forces in a situation and who brings about environmental change Advantages: I am the self starting kind that decides Identifies opportunities Acts on opportunities Takes responsibility for own life Shows initiative Self starting Keeps trying until they bring about meaningful change Takes initiative to correct problems Develops better relationships with supereriors |
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What is stress? What are the advantages and disadvantages of stress? |
514-526 |
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What is the behavioral theory: Punishment, extinction, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement? |
Through experiments with animals, B.F.Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is “learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences" (Wolford, p.205). Behavior can be changed by events taking place before or after the behavior. Consequences can influence the association between a stimulus and a behavior. Consequences can be of two types: reinforcement or punishment. Reinforcement strengthens a behavior while punishment weakens behavior. |
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What are the three different learning styles? |
Classical Conditioning Operant conditioning Modeling and Informal Learning |
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Punishment |
The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus as a consequence of the learner having done something wrong. receiving detention (undesired stimulus) for being disruptive in class (undesired behavior) is an example.
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Extinction |
The weakening or decreasing of the frequency of undesirable behavior by removing the reward from such behavior. This is supposed to eliminate the response.losing phone privileges (desired stimulus) for a week for being disruptive in class (undesired behavior)
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positive reinforcement |
A reward for a desired response.Receiving a quarter (reward) for cleaning your room (desired behavior) is positive reinforcement.
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negative rinforcement |
Taking away something unpleasant from a situation; being rewarded by being relieved of discomfort; form of avoidance learning or motivation;Not having to wash the dishes (undesired stimulus) if you clean your room (desired behavior) is negative reinforcement.
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Kinesthetic |
Kinesthetic• Likes to use the hands-on approach to learn new material• Is generally good in math and science• Would rather demonstrate how to do something rather than verbally explain it• Usually prefers group work more than others
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Visual |
Visual• Uses visual objects such as graphs, charts, pictures, and seeing information• Can read body language well and has a good perception of aesthetics• Able to memorize and recall various information• Tends to remember things that are written down• Learns better in lectures by watching them
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Auditory |
• Retains information through hearing and speaking• Often prefers to be told how to do things and then summarizes the main points out loud to help with memorization• Notices different aspects of speaking• Often has talents in music and may concentrate better with soft music playing in the background
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learning style |
The idea that different people learn best in different ways |
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Benefits of multicultural identitites |
Belonging, Ability to communicate with people from diverse places whey they travel, when others travel to where they live, and when they communicate globally using email, social media, and the telephone, Attain a local and global identity |
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Cultural mosaic |
An individuals unique mixture of multiple cultural identities that yields a complex picture of the cultural influences on that person. A person's cultural mosaic is composed of a mix of smaller tiles such as U. S. Citizen, white, Methodist, Female, tennis player, Business administrator, Southerner The religious value part of the cultural mosaic can interfere with work. |
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How does a person's religious value interfere with the cultural mosaic? |
The religious value part of the cultural mosaic can interfere with work because religion impacts when a person is willing to work or not work, religious beliefs and practices can collide with company goals, |
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Culture |
Culture is a learned and shared system of knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms. There are eight dimensions of cultural values. These dimensions of cultural values are stereotypes, for they represent a typical value for a person in given culture. |
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Cultural intelligence |
An outsiders ability to interpret someone's unfamiliar and ambiguous behavior the same way that persons compatriots would. A person can figure out what behavior would be true of all people and all groups. A person can figure out what is peculiar to this group and those aspects of behavior that are neither universal not peculiar to the group. |
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What are the sources of cultural intelligence?
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1) Cognitive: Aspects of this source of cultural intelligence are what a person knows, how he or she can acquire new knowledge, and he or she can figure out how you can learn more about the other culture. 2) Emotional/Motivational: The emotional/motivational aspect of cultural intelligence refers to energizing one's actions and building personal confidence. 3) The body: the body aspect of cultural intelligence is the action component. The body is the element for translating intentions into actions and desires. |
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Focus on individuals rather than groups |
GEt to know the indivdiual rather than relying exclusively on an understanding of his or her cultural group. Instead of generalizing about the other persons characteristics and values, get to know his or her personal style. Build personal raltionships with people, and do not generalize. Focus on the individuals characteristics and try not to be upset because the person's behavior is not consistent with your stereotype of how he or she is supposed to behave. |
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Minimize cultural Bloopers |
Minimize actions that are likely to offend people from another culture based on their values and customs. |
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Participate in cultural training |
Set of learning experiences designed to help employees understand the customs, traditions, and beliefs of another culture. Many employees who never leave the country work with people from around the globe so cultural training has been extended also to domestic employees. Learning a foreign language is often part of cultural training. Knowledge of a second language is important because it builds better connections with people from other cultures than does relying on a translator. Speaking another language builds rapport with customers and employees who speak that language. Helps workers understand people from other cultures. Understanding can lead to dealing more effectively with them as work associates or customers. |
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Culture Diversity Training |
Program that attempts to bring about workplace harmony by teaching people how to get along with diverse work associates, often aimed at minimizing open expressions of racism and sexism. A starting point in diversity training is to emphasize that everybody is different in some way and that all these differences should be appreciated. Diversity training emphasizes inclusion or including everybody when appreciating diversity. Develop empathy for diverse viewpoints thorough employees expressing their feelings about workplace issues. Workers simulate having a specific disability. |
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What are the effects of multicultural experiences? |
Obtain direct access to novel ideas and concepts from other cultures. Allow people to recognize that the same surface behavior had different functions and implications. Exposure to foreign cultures might shake up a persons thinking enough to access unconventional knowledge when back in their own cultures. Exposure to other cultures may lead to a psychological readiness to recruit ideas from unfamiliar sources and places. Cultural exploration might foster a willingness to synthesize seemingly incompatible ideas from diverse cultures. |
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Contributors to Perceptual Problems |
Characteristics of the stimulus: Perceptual problems are most likely occur when the stimulus or cue to be perceived has emotional meaning. The mental processes people use to deal with sensory information play a major role in creating perceptual problems. Metal processes include selective attention, denial, stereotyping,halo effect, and projection. 1) Selective Attention: Giving exclusive attention to something at the expense of other aspects of the environment 2) Denial: The process of excluding from awareness an important aspect of reality. 3) Stereotyping: Evaluating an individual or thing based on our perception of the group or class to which the person or object belongs. A perceptual disadvantage of stereotyping is that you do not look for the way in which somebody or something might be different from others in the same group. 3)Halo Effect: People have a tendency to color everything that we know about a person because of one recognizable favorable or unfavorable trait. A supervisor might give a favorable performance rating to someone who dresses well and smiles frequently because he or she has created a halo around him or her. 4) Projection: Project our own faults onto others instead of making an objective appraisal of the situation. |
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Perceptual Congruence |
The degree to which people perceive things the same way |
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Adolescence |
The period in life from approximately age 13-20; from a biological standpoint, adolescence begins with puberty The beginning of sexual maturation marked by rising levels of sex hormones and rapid growth. During adolescence many people start building work related human skills such as teamwork. Adolescents headed for a successful career must rise to the challenge of developing logic, abstract thought, and hypothetical reasoning. Adolescents must develop moral reasoning in which they learn acceptable versus unacceptable codes of conduct. At the preconventional level moral dilemmas are resolved in a self-centered way. At the conventional level morel dilemmas are resolved in ways that reflect laws or norms set y parents and other influential adults. At the post conventional level moral dilemmas are resolved by relating to abstract principles such as equality, justice, and the value of life. |
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Identity Crisis |
Adolescent struggle to establish a reliable self-concept or personal identity, including concerns over ethnic identity, the need to keep close ties with the family or develop peer relations, sexuality, and body image. |
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Teenage brain |
A stage of brain development in which people are easily influenced by their environment and more prone to impulsive behavior. |
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Adult life challenges? Young, middle, senior citizens? |
Adult challenges include managing social life, work, and finances; raising children; keeping a blended family cooperating; staying current with technology; and investing for retirement. Adults face the challenge of applying the many cognitive skills they have acquired during study. The adult must learn creative thinking skills and apply wisdom. Adults must learn to become less self-centered and refine their interpersonal skills, including developing business etiquette. Midlife crisis: Time that adults in their forties face when they feel unfulfilled and search for a major shift in career or lifestyle. Adults facing midlife crisis often wonder whether their choice of career or life partner was the right decision. Midlife transition: Adults taking stock of their lives and formulating new goals; among dozens of other personality and social challenges facing adults are the loss of a youthful appearance and decreased reproductive or sexual capacity The sandwich generation challenge: Those place in the middle between the needs of their own children and their aging relatives. Cognitive challenges: The ability to learn rapidly, reason abstractly, and reason logically declines, which means his or her cognitive ability declines. During late adulthood people begin to value the present more because they correctly perceive that they have a shorter future. Problems include their friends pass away and engaging in physical activity becomes more difficult. |
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What is cognitive fitness? And, how does one improve his or her cognitive fitness? |
Cognitive fitness: A state of optimized ability to remember, learn, plan, and adapt to changing circumstances. One can improve his or her cognitive fitness through activities (juggling, speaking a foreign language), working out, and managing stress. |
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Classical Conditioning |
Principles stemming from Ivan Pavlov's digestion experiments that help people understand the most elementary type of learning-how people acquire uncomplicated habits and reflexes |
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Operant Conditioning |
Learning that takes place as a consequence of behavior; a person's actions are instrumental in determining whether learning takes place. |
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Reinforcement Strategies |
Operant Conditioning Reinforcement: Means by which behaviors are selected and retained Reinforcement strategies link to motivation and learning. Positive reinforcement: A reward for a desired response. Negative reinforcement: Taking away something unpleasant from a situation; being rewarded by being relieved of discomfort; form of avoidance learning or motivation Punishment: The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus as a consequence of the learner having done something wrong. When a respons has negative consequences, the response is not repeated. Extinction: The weakening or decreasing of the frequency of undesirable behavior by removing the reward fro such behavior. This is supposed to eliminate the response. A continuous schedule: behavior is reinforce each time it occurs Intermittent schedule: The learner receives a reward after some instances of engaging in the desired behavior but not after each instance. Good at sustaining behavior because learner stays mentally alert and interested. |
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Modeling and informal learning |
Modeling: learning a skill by observing another person perform the skill; considered a form of social learning because it is learned in the presence of others Informal Learning: Planned or unplanned learning that occurs without a formal classroom, lesson plan, instructor, or examination; a way of learning complex skills in the workplace. Implicit Learning: Learning that takes place unconsciously and without an intention to learn. |
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What are the three basic features of group learning? |
1) Sharing: the process by which new knowledge, routines, or behaviors become distributed among group members. 2) Storage:Process of storing in memory what has been learned. The change in behavior must be recorded for it to be most useful. 3)Retrieval: The ability of group members to find and access the knowledge for subsequent inspection and use. The individuals in the group must be able to access the information when needed. |
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Learning sytles assicaited with personality as measure by the goldn personality typ profiler |
Energy flow; extraversion versus introversion: Extraverts direct their energy primarilly toward the outer world of people and objects. Introverts direct their energy primarily towrd the inner world of experineces and ideas Information gathering: sensation versu intuition: people who rely on sensing focus primarily on what can be percievd by the five primary senses of vision, touch , sight, sound, and smell. People who rely on intuition focus primarily on percieiving patterns and interrelationships Decision Making: Thinking versus feeling: people who rely primarily on thinking base conclusions on logical analyses and emphasize objectivity and detachment. people who rely on feelings base conclusions on personal or social values and focus on understanding and harmony Lifesyle orientation: Judging versus percieving: individuals who schore high on judging tend to orient thei rlives in a deliberate and planned manner. Individuals who schore high on percieiving tend to orient their lives in a spontatneous an dopen ended manner. Easier to learn whn you are rested Your alertness, energy , performcance, thinking, procutivity, creativity, safety, and helath will be affected by how much you sleep. Besides enhancing alertness, sleep is a way for the brain to store new information into long-term memory. The benefits are most likely to take place from rapid ey movement sleep. Continous learning relates to learning style because learning throughout one's career is an approach to learning. |
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How to network? |
Keep a list of 25 people who you contact at least once a month Obtain business cards Introduce your self to as many potentially valubale network members as feasible. |
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What are the advantages of goals? |
1. Reasonably difficult goals improve performance 2. Goals can instill purpose, challenge, and meaning into ordinary tasks. Goals focus our efforts in a specific direction 3. Goals focus our efforts in a specific direction 4. Goals increase our chances for success becvause they serve as a standard for measuring success 5. Goals serve as self-motivators and energizers |
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What are the learning and performing orientations toward goals? |
jljk |
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Learning Orientations |
A learning goal orientation means that an individual is focused on acquiring new skills and mastering new situations. People with a learning goal orientation: 1) are more likely to seek feedback on how well they are performing 2) Attempting to master skills often leads to better results than does attempting to impress others. -Leads to higher performance 3) Prompts better relationships with supervisors/ Stronger job performance and job satisfaction |
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Performance Goal Orientation |
Aimed at wanting to demonstrate and validate the adequacy of your competence by seeking favorable judgments about your competence. 1) Less likely to seek feedback-overlook the value of feedback that could improve performance in the long run 2) Leads to lower work performance 3) Weaker job performance and job satisfaction that stems from weaker relationships with supevisors. |
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What kinds of goals are set? |
Goal setting desidned to boost performance or personal development in an organization Personal goals can be subdiveded into those relating to social and fmaily life, hobbies and interests, physical and mental helth, career, and finances |
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Action Plan |
Descibes how you are going to reach your goal, so goals do not slip by. |
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Guidelines for Goal setting |
Express each goal as a positive statement (Energizing) Formulate spcific goals: State specifically what you mean by success and when you expect to achieve it Formulate concise goals: A useful goal can usuallky be expressed in a short punchy statement Set realistic as well as stretch goals: A realistic goal is one that represnts the irght amount of challenge for the person pursuing the goal. Set goals for different time periods: Goals are best set for different tiem periods such as daily, short range, medium range, and long range. Daily goals are essentially a to-do list. Short range gaols cover the period from one week to one year into the future. Finding a new job. Medium-range goals relate to event sthat will take place within two to five years. They concer education and trining you plan to undertake and the next step in your career. Long-range goals rfer to events taking place five yerars into the future and beyond including type of work and family situation. Strive for synergy among your goals: A pwoerful approach to goal setting is to make your gaols synergistic or fit together in a way that makes them work together. Short-term goals fitting a long rang purpose brings about synergy. |
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How do you develop a personal brand?
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1) Identify the qualities or characteristics that distinguish you from coworkers 2) Personal brand should be authentic and accurately depict who you really are 3) Personal brand should answer the following questions: -What am I passionate about--what do really love? -What are my greatest strengths? -How can I sue my strengths to fuel my passion |
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What are some tendencies about resilient people? |
1) The resilient disposition: People with a resilient disposition are better able to stay calm and have a healthy level of of physical and psychological wellness in the face of challenges.They accept the reality that a problem exists, so they are likely to develop a plan to work their way out of the problem. 2. Getting past the emotional turmoil: An important part of being resilient is to first overcome the emotional turmoil associated with the setback you have encountered 3) Conduct a failure analysis: After recognizing that a failure has occurred, resilience is enhance when the person analyzes why the failure took place. 4) Resilience training: The purpose of much resilience training is to help people steel themselves against difficult situations instead of becoming overly stressed.Part of steeling yourself against a highly challenging situation is to think of what skills you have in your repertoire that will help you work your way out of the problem. |
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What is the link between control and stress? |
If people believe they can control adverse forces, they are less prone to the stressor of worrying about them.A perosn with internal locus of control experiences higher job satisfaction. |
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Stressor |
The external or internal force that brings about the stress |
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Stress |
An internal reaction to any force that threatens to disturb a person's equilibrium; the internal reaction usually takes the form of emotional discomfort |
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What are the consequences of stress? |
Physoiological changes: The experience of stress propts the adrenal glands to release a flood of hormones that prepare the body to fight or run when face with a challenge. The activation of hormones when the body has to cope with a stressor produces short term physiological reactions like increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood clotting, redirection of blood flow, digestion stops, fluids are released from places throughout the body into the bloodstream. A stressful life event can lead to high colosteral level and high blood pressure. Men have a higher risk of heart attack and stroke because mental stress causes blocked blood vessals. Increase risk of cardiovascular disease Mirgraine headaches, ulcers, allergies, skin disorders, and cancer Memory problems 1) Stress does alter immunity 2) Short-term stress boosts the immune system. Long-term chronic stress causes too much wear and tear, breaking down the immune system. 3) The immune system of older people or those who areill is more sucscptible to stress related change. |
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Challenge stressors |
Stressful events and thought that have a positive direct effect on motivation and performance. They include work realted stimuli or forces such as a reasobaly high workload, time pressures, and a realstic level of responsibility. Challenge stressors offer the opptornity for personal growth like learning a new and complex skill. |
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Hindrance Stressors |
Stressful events and thoughts that have a negative effect on motivation and performance. They include work-related stimuli or forces such as negative organization politics, bullying by supervisors and coworkers, confusing regulations, and confuson about responsibiliites. Hindrance stressors encompass potentially stressful demands usually percieved as beyong the control of the worker and that migh block the oppotunity for personal growth. lowers creativity With moderat levels of stress a person can reach their optimal performance zone, which means the person experiences increases in heartbeats, breathing, muscle tension, physical strength, enhanced alertness, energy , cognitivie skills, otimisim, and job productivity Burnout: A condition of emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion in response to long term job stressors |
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Understand the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination? |
A procrastinator has trouble letting go of a project because he or she wants it to be perfect. Therefore, perfectionists block starting new projects b/c the perfectionist will often want to keep working on the present project. Also, a perfectionist is hesitant to take on a new project because trying something new may result in mistakes. New tasks may not be easy to order |
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SElf defeating behavior |
Activities or attitudes that work against ones best interest. A person iwth self-defeating tendenceis intentiaonlally or unitentionally engages in activities or harbors attitudes that work against his or her best interest. Being your own worst enemy |
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How does one overcome self defeating behaviors? |
Solicit feedback on your actions learn to profit from criticism Stop denying the existence of problems observe the discrpancy between your idal life and what eists now Visualize self enhancing behavior |
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How can one benefit from criticism? |
Learn how to change and improve self defeating behaviors. |
