Test 4 Endocrine

Front 1

The key feature of the this system is the secretion of hormones. No physical connections to the cells, the glands are ductless, secreted directly into the blood stream.

Back 1

Endocrine system

Front 2

Hormones are like ___ and receptor sites on the cells are ____. Each hormone hits a ____ cell to influence it or change its activity

Back 2

key, lock, target

Front 3

A chemical substance synthesized and secreted by a specific organ or tissue.

Back 3

hormone

Front 4

The main conductor of the endocrine system is the _____.

Back 4

hypothalmus

Front 5

The neural pathway of the hypothalmus is the stock which physicaly connects to this gland.

Back 5

pituitary gland

Front 6

The hypothalmus makes these two hormones and it is stored in the pituitary gland

Back 6

ADH, and oxytocin

Front 7

The master gland of the endocrine system, no larger than a pea and is located at base of the brain, attached to the hypothalmus by the stock

Back 7

Pituitary gland

Front 8

The main part of the pituitary gland is the ____ lobe and then it also has a ____ lobe.

Back 8

anterior, posterior

Front 9

This hormone is stimulated by the pituitary, and target tissue is the thyroid gland, it stimulates the synthesis and release of Thyroid hormone. ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 9

TSH

Front 10

The hypofunctions of this hormone is baldness, menstrual abnormalities, decreased libido, slowed cognition, lethargy
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 10

TSH

Front 11

The hyperfunction of this hormone contributes to weight loss, disrythymias, heat intolerance, increased GI motility and fine tremors
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 11

TSH

Front 12

This hormone is secreted by the pituitary and its target tissue is the adrenal cortex, which then stimulates synthesis and release of corticosteroids.
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 12

ACTH

Front 13

The hypofunction of this hormone secreted by the pituitary shows decreased cortisol levels, pale, malaise, lethargy, and causes addisons disease
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 13

ACTH

Front 14

Hyper function of this pituitary hormone shows elevated cortisol levels, weight gain, moon face, muscle wasting and cushings syndrome
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 14

ACTH

Front 15

This hormone secreted by the pituitary gland targets the ovaries and testes which stimulates ovulation and progesterone secretions and stimulates testosterone secretions.
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 15

Luteinizing hormones

Front 16

the hypofunction of this pituitary hormone causes inferitility, decreased libido, breast atrophy, amenorhhea,decreased facial hair
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 16

LH and FSH

Front 17

This homorne secreted by the pituitary gland targets the ovaries and testest which stimulates estrogent secretion and follicle maturation and stimulates spermatogenis
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 17

FSH, Follicle stimulating hormone

Front 18

This hormone secreted by the pituitary gland targets the mammary glands which stimulates breast milk production
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 18

Prolactin

Front 19

This hormone secreted by the pituitary gland targets bone and soft tissue and promotes growth
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 19

GH (growth hormone)

Front 20

Hypofunction of this pituitary secereted hormone causes a decrease in bone density, pathologic fractures, decreased muscle strength and increased cholesterol levels
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 20

GH

Front 21

Hyperfunction of this pituitary secreted hormone causes thickened lips, increased head size, enlarged heart and liver. Acromeglia and gigantism.
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 21

Growth Hormone

Front 22

This term is when the plates in your bones have closed and you continue to grow forming large thicked bone and disfigurement

Back 22

Acromeglia

Front 23

This occurs at a young age and the kid just grows and grows. The bone plates have not closed off

Back 23

Gigantism.

Front 24

This hormone secreted by the pituitary gland targets the kidney to promote water reabsorption.
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 24

ADH

Front 25

Hypofunction of this pituitary secreted hormone greatly increases urine output, low specific gravity, hypovolemia, dehydration and increased thirst
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 25

ADH

Front 26

This pituitary secereted hormone targets the uterus and mammary gland, which stimulates uterine contractions and ejection of breast milk
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

Back 26

oxytocin.

Front 27

This gland has two lobes and is connected by the isthmus

Back 27

Thyroid gland

Front 28

This gland is repsonsible for metabolism, o2 consumption, carb and lipid metabolism, growth and development, brain function and nervous system activities

Back 28

Thryoid gland

Front 29

This gland secretes, T4, T3, and calcitonin.

Back 29

Thyroid gland

Front 30

This hormone is secreted by the thyroid which stimulates protein, fat and CHO metabolism, regulates metabolic rates, regulates body heat prodution. Necessary for muscle tone and vior, affects respiratory rate and affects RBC production

Back 30

T3 and T4

Front 31

Hypofunctions of this hormone is cool, pale, dry coarse scaly skin, Brittle hair, poor wound healing, hypoventilation, dsypnea, dysrhythmias, cold intolerance, slowing of intelectual functioning, impaired memory, depression, perioribital edema. Prominent tongue

Back 31

T3 T4

Front 32

Hyperfunctions of these hormones are diaphoriesis, fine, soft, silky hair, SOB, weight loss, diplopia, photophbia, termors, increased metabolic rate, low crade fever, restlessness. increased libido, wide eyed appearance and Graves disease

Back 32

T3, T4

Front 33

This hormone is secreted by the thryoid and targest serum and bone. Its responsible for calcium levels in the body. It inhibits calcium loss from the bone, and lowers the calcium level of the blood. Affects phospate levels too

Back 33

calcitonin

Front 34

Iodine plays a big role in the thyroid gland

Back 34

info

Front 35

an acute rare condition in which all hyperthyroid manifestations are heightened. The thyroid kicks out t3 and t4 causes weight loss. all is a life threantening emergency

Back 35

Thryoid storm

Front 36

the uthryoid triangle, Tachy high temp, high BP

Back 36

Thryoid storm

Front 37

Hypothyroidism may display this medical emergency, causes puffiness periorbital edema.

Back 37

Myxedema

Front 38

The enlargement of the thryoid gland not caused by inflammation/neoplasm, lack of iodine and over production of TSH

Back 38

Goiter

Front 39

Deficiencies in this can cause goiter.

Back 39

iodine

Front 40

Calcitonin takes calcium out of ___ and into bone, and PTH takes calcium out of ___ and into blood.

Back 40

blood, bone

Front 41

There are 4 or 6 glands imbeded behind the thyroid gland about the size of a grain of rice. Purpose is to regulate the calcium levels in blood

Back 41

parathyroid gland

Front 42

the calcium levels in blood should be 8.5 to 10.

Back 42

info

Front 43

The parathyroid gland is regulated by ____ calcium levels

Back 43

blood

Front 44

Calcium provides electrical energy to the ____ and ____ system. Provides strength to the skeletal system. The parathyroid gland is the only gland that has its own regulartory system

Back 44

nervous and muscular

Front 45

The parathyroid gland maintains ___ and ____ balance

Back 45

calcium and phosphate

Front 46

This disorder of the parathyroid is elevated levels of CA+ and low phospahte levels. S/S of hypercalcemia

Back 46

Hyperparathyroidism

Front 47

This disorder of the parathyroid is low Ca+ levels and high phosphate levels. S/S of this is chvosteks and trousseau's

Back 47

hypoparathyoidism

Front 48

Hypercalcemia causes flacidity when levels reach 15 or more . 50% mortatlity rate. This is hyper what?

Back 48

hyperparathyroidism

Front 49

This causes teeth to develop pits for calcium leached out of teeth

Back 49

hypocalcemia

Front 50

The target tissue for this hormone is kidneys, serum, bones and intestinal tract. Actions regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood. Activates Vit D which then increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestines. In the kidney, this hormone allows calcium to be reabsorbed into the blood

Back 50

PTH

Front 51

The hypofunction of this hormone is in close contact to hypocalcemia. Decreases contractility of the heart, decreased cardiac output. Chovostek's and trosseaus sign

Back 51

PTH

Front 52

Hyperfunction of this hormone is in close contact of hypercalcemia. Causes choleltithiasis, weight loss, dysrhythmias, skeletal pain, osteoporosis. kidney stones

Back 52

PTH

Front 53

This gland is pyramid shaped and sits above the kidney, surrounded by fat in a capsule

Back 53

adrenal gland

Front 54

The adrenal glands are separated into 2 portions, the inner medulla and outer cortex

Back 54

info

Front 55

A natural adrenaline, that increases heart rate and ofrce of contraction sends blood to muscles and brain. A catecholamine

Back 55

epinipherine

Front 56

this catecholine secreted by the adrenal glands has a vasoconstrictive effects- increases our blood pressure, heightens our physical and emotional awareness

Back 56

noraepinepherine

Front 57

this portion of the adrenal gland makes epinepherine and noraepinepherine

Back 57

medulla

Front 58

this portion of the adrenal gland secretes cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone.

Back 58

cortex

Front 59

Pituitary secretes ACTH which controls cortisol stimulation in this part of a gland. Cortisol is made by cholesterol.

Back 59

Adrenal cortex

Front 60

When we are stressed cortisol levels are increased or decreased?

Back 60

increased

Front 61

High or low cortisol levels causes moodiness and crying.

Back 61

low

Front 62

The adrenal medulla secretes these hormones and targets the systemic tissues.

Back 62

epinepherine and norepinepherine

Front 63

The adrenal cortex secretes this hormone with the target tissue being the systemic system. Promotes metabolism, stress response

Back 63

cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Front 64

The adrenal cortex secretes this hormone with the target tissue being the reproductive organs. Promotes masculinization in men, growth and sexual activity in women
androgens, cortisol, aldosterone

Back 64

androgens

Front 65

The adrenal cortex secretes this hormone with the target tissue being the kidneys and regulates sodium and potassium balance, water balance. Hypofunction is elevated BP and hypokalemia and hyperfunction is adrenal crisis
Cortisol, androgens, aldosterone

Back 65

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

Front 66

These hormones actions increases cardiac contractility, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, decreases GI motility, increases insulin release, dilates pupils

Back 66

epinepherine and norepinepherine

Front 67

The hypofunction of this Adrenal cortex hormone is addisons disease

Back 67

cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Front 68

the hyperfunction of this adrenal cortex hormone is cushings syndrome, the hypofunction of this adrenal cortex hormone is addisons

Back 68

cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Front 69

This gland lies deep in the brain and between cerebral hemispheres

Back 69

pineal gland

Front 70

The hormone secreted by the pineal gland is this? it is responsible for the sleep wake cycle and regulates sexual maturity during adolescence

Back 70

Melatonin

Front 71

Alpha cells =
beta cells =
delta cells=

Back 71

glucagon
insulin
somatostatin

Front 72

This hormone stimulates glycogen release from liver so the glycogen can be transformed into gluose for energy

Back 72

glucagon

Front 73

This hormone inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Back 73

somatostatin

Front 74

The release of this hormone is secereted in response to blood sugar levels, low sugar.

Back 74

Glucagon

Front 75

this hormone is secreted in response to high sugar levels

Back 75

insulin

Front 76

These structures are connected by falopian tubes. and to produce ova. The hormones produced are estrogen and progesterone

Back 76

Ovaries

Front 77

This gland secretes this hormone and targets the reproductive system/breasts. It stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, prepares for uterus fertilization, fetal development and stimulates bone growth

Back 77

Estrogen

Front 78

This hormone targets tissue in the reproductive system, maintains the lining of the uterus and is necessary for a successful pregnancy

Back 78

progesterone

Front 79

The function of this hormone targets the reproductive system, it stimulats development of 2nd sex characteristics, spermatogenesis

Back 79

Testosterone

Front 80

This is thyroid replacement called ____ should be taken in the morning, meds containing iron and antacid should be avoided. Check VS if BP and heartrate are up do not take meds

Back 80

synthroid

Front 81

this is a medical emergency in hypothyroidism. S/S is low body temp, mental changes, systemic edema, dyspnea, cardiac s/s ileus. It happens in women more then men

Back 81

myxedema coma

Front 82

this can be congenital in the thyroid gland. caused by an iodine deficiency in the mother or the gland itself. No T-4 is created at all.

Back 82

cretinism

Front 83

This causes graves disease, it is an increased amounts of t4 and t3, goiter,

Back 83

hyperthyroidism

Front 84

This is a common disease of hyperthyroidism, an over-production of thyroid hormone, which causes enlargement of the thyroid and other symptoms such as exopthalmous, heat intolerance, and anxiety

Back 84

graves disease

Front 85

The bulging of eyes

Back 85

exopthalmus

Front 86

medical emergency of hyperthyroidism

Back 86

Thyroid storm

Front 87

Hypofunction of the ACTH causes a lack of cortisol. This is which disease

Back 87

addisons

Front 88

Hyperfunction of cortisol levels cause this syndrome.

Back 88

cushings syndrome

Front 89

Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia are both hyper and hypofunctions of this hormone

Back 89

PTH

Front 90

the result of a deficiency in parathyroid hormone.
S/s hypocaclemia, nause, GI upse, personality changes.
Treatment Calcium and VIt D

Back 90

hypoparathyroidism

Front 91

Overactivey of one or more of the parathyroid glands,
S/s weakness, fatigue, arthralgia, constipation, osteoporosis,

Back 91

hyperparathryoidism

Front 92

hypofunction of the adrenal cortex causing a lack of corticosteriods
s/s fatigue arthralgia, low NA, High K

Back 92

addisons disease

Front 93

severe life threatneing emergency, caused by trauma, surgery, psychological.
s/s severe hypotension, tachy, elect. imbalance, hypoglycemia,
tx agreessive treatment with high dose steroids and fluid resuscitation

Back 93

addisonian crisis

Front 94

Defiency of hormones secreted by the anterior pitutiatry gland.
s/s short stature, infrertility, lack of hair, testicular shrinkage

Back 94

hypopituitarism

Front 95

overproduction of the pituitary hromone GH, resulting in skeletal growth.

Back 95

hyperpituitarism

Front 96

a chronic disorder of the endocrine pancreas, all categorized by inappropriate hyperglycemia caused by a realtive abosulte deficiency of insulin or by a resistance to the action of insulin

Back 96

diabetes

Front 97

LIttle to no insulin produced. usually diagnosed before the age of 40.

Back 97

Type 1

Front 98

These are symptoms of this diabetes. Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, recent and sudden weight loss, present with extremely high blood sugars, may/ may not be acidotic

Back 98

type 1

Front 99

Insulin is produced but there is a glitch, resistant, insufficient amounts avaliable

Back 99

Type 2

Front 100

Effext on the autonomic nervous system: shainess, nervousness, sweating, chills, clamminess, rapid heartbeat, anxiety lightheadedness and hnger. Efext on the rain, sleepiness, anger, stubbornness, lack of coordination, blurred vision, nausea, personality changes, seizures, unconsciousness

Back 100

hypoglycemia

Front 101

Patient needs to eat as ____ peaks

Back 101

insulin

Front 102

onset is 15 mintues, peak 1 to 1.5 hr, druation 3 to 4 hours,

Back 102

Lispro or Aspart rapid

Front 103

.5 to 1. hour 2 to 3, 3 to 6t
short

Back 103

Regular insulin

Front 104

2 to 4 hours, 4 to 10 10 to 16
3 to 4 4 to 12, 12 to 18
insulin

Back 104

intermediate.
NPH or Lente.

Front 105

1 to 2 n/a 18 to 24
na na 20 to 24

Back 105

long acting
Ultralente
glargine

Front 106

Alpha cells produce what?
beta cells produce what?

Back 106

glucagon
insulin

Front 107

The part of the pancreas where glucagon and insulin is produced

Back 107

islets of langerhan

Front 108

When body senses increase of sugar it sends a signal to the pancreas to release what wiht in 10 minutes of eating?

Back 108

insulin

Front 109

when blood sugar levels are low to stimulate glucose prodution, the breakd down of ___ in to glcuose occurs primarily in the ____.

Back 109

glycogen, liver

Front 110

Frequent and excessive urination cuased by excess glucose in the urine

Back 110

polyuria

Front 111

excessive thirst resulting from dehydration

Back 111

polydypsea

Front 112

excessive eating because the cells receive no glcose and starve

Back 112

polyphagia

Front 113

Insulin lack also causes _____, which is an excess of potassium

Back 113

hypokalemia

Front 114

Type 1 diabetes is an ____ disorder in which the body destroys beta cells

Back 114

autoimmune

Front 115

Type 2 diabetes is a progrssive disorder in which the ____ makes less insulin over time. In other cases, the cells develop _______, which is a reduced ability of most cells to respond to insulin. ______ plays a major role in the development type 2 diabetes. Offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes have a 15% chance of developing the disease and a 30% risk for having impaired glucose tolerance

Back 115

pancreas, resistance, heriditary

Front 116

hgba1c
6=135
7=170
8=205
12=345

Back 116

info

Front 117

This is caused by a lack of insulin and ketosis and seen more frequently in type1 diabetes. This occurs when ketones are produced faster thny they can be oxidized in the tissues they accumulate in the tissues and body fluids. The blood sugar increases higher and higher. Ketones keep building up in the blood and make body tissues to ____.

Back 117

diabeteic ketoasicdosis
acidic

Front 118

Air hunger or ____ respirations is commonly seen in ketoacidosis. Acetnone can be detected on the breath by its characteristic odor. ____

Back 118

kusmal, fruity

Front 119

Hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state is caused by ____ defiecincy and profound _____ and seen more frequently in type 2 diabetes.

Back 119

insulin, dehydration

Front 120

Dm can lead to health problems and early death because of changes in large blood vessels _____ and small blood vessels ____.

Back 120

macrovascular, microvascular

Front 121

In relation to diabetes, ___ complication of blood vessel structure and function lead to ____ (kidney dysfunction), ____ (nerve dysfunction, and _____ (vision problems)

Back 121

microvascular, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy

Front 122

When fat is metabolized, ketone bodies are formed in the liver and transported to the muscle and other tissue, where they serve as a source of energy. now for the diabetic, as more fat is metabolized, more ___ are formed. These ketones are toxic if they accumulate in the body tha tleads to a condition called ______

Back 122

ketones, ketoacidosis

Front 123

The pancreas produce a ____ amount of insulin that balances liver glucose production with glucose use and maintains normal blood glucose levels b/t meals. The pancreas also produces additional _____ inulin to prevent blood glucose elevation after meals.

Back 123

basil. Prandial

Front 124

Insulin is meashred in ____.

Back 124

units

Front 125

most bottles of insulin sold in the us have 100 units in each milliliter of fluid.

Back 125

u100 concentration

Front 126

gently roll cloudy insulin betwen your hands. insulin needs to be room temperature prior to injection.

Back 126

info

Front 127

when mixing clear and cloudy, mix clear first.

Back 127

info.