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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long is a pregnancy? How many days from LMP to birth? When does the gestational calendar begin? When is the baby considered an embryo? A fetus? |
-266 days -280 days -1st day of last menstrual period -from fertilization to wk 8, wk 9 to birth |
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Where does fertilization occur? How long is an egg viable? Sperm? How long is the theoretical fertile window? |
-oviduct (fallopian tubes) -12 to 24 hrs -24 to 48 hrs -3 to 10 days |
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How do sperm find their way to oocytes? What blocks/destroys most sperm? How long does it take for a sperm to reach egg? What takes place for 2-10 hrs? |
-sniff via olfactory receptors -acidic vagina, cervix, immune sys -30 min, capacitation (motility, membranes weakened) |
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What digests holes in zona pellucida? What happens after the 1st sperm enters oocyte? Is it better to be earlier or later for a sperm? |
-acrosomal reaction -polyspermy are blocked -later |
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4 steps after sperm penetrates oocyte: |
1) egg (oocyte) completes meiosis II 2) nuclei fuse into zygote 3) cleavage (mitosis) w/in 36 hrs 4) blastocyst (100 cells) forms after 4 or 5 days |
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What happens 6-7 days after fertilization? What are transferred? What happens to leftover embryos? |
-blastocyst implants into endometrium of uterus -IVF embryos -turn into embryonic stem cells |
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How long does implantation take? When is it complete? What signals to maintain endometrium? What secretes hCG? What does it do? What is it also used for? |
-5 days, by day 26 -human chorionic gonadotropin
-syncitiotrophoblasts -promotes placentation -fertility treatments
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What's the pregnancy hormone? When and how is it detected? What happens if levels too low? What does it signal for? When does it decline? |
-hCG
-1 wk after fertilization, in urine
-miscarriage
-maintain endometrium & prevent menstruation
-when estrogen & progesterone increase |
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What is the placenta made of? When does it begin to form and fully form? What distinctive structures are in the chorion & endometrium respectively? What is exchanged across placenta? What is not exchanged? |
-embryonic & maternal tissues -forms 3rd wk, fully formed 3rd mon. -chorionic villi, decidua basalis -nutrients, gas, waste -blood |
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In the placenta where do the blood vessels reside? What's the difference in the 2 umbilical arteries and 1 vein? |
-in umbilical cord into chorionic villi -arteries=O2 & nutrient poor, vein=O2 & nutrient rich |
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4 embryonic membranes critical to development & purposes: |
1) inner amnion: protect embryo in amniotic fluid 2) outer chorion: placental exchange 3) allantois: structural base of umbilical cord & becomes bladder 4) yolk sac: forms gut & is source of blood cells/vessels |
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What takes over hormone secretion from corpus luteum after 4 mo.? What hormones prepare mammary glands for lactation? |
-placenta -progesterone & estrogen |
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How many weeks in pregnancy? In fertilization to birth? When is the embryo stage? What happens in this stage? When is the fetal stage? What happens? What's the earliest a baby can survive birth? |
-38 wks, 40 wks -1st 2 mo: development & growth -last 7 mo: organs grow & become functional -24 wks |
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What is the 1st functional organ to form? When? When does baby reach 1"?
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-heart, at 3rd wk -8th wk |
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When are major abnormalities possible to develop in baby? What drug caused abnormalities? What was it supposed to treat?
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-wks 3 to 8 -thalidomide -morning sickness |
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What happens in 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimesters? |
1st: morning sickness 2nd: fetal movements 3rd: fetal growth & rapid weight gain |
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What is amniocentesis? What is chorionic villi sampling used for? |
-fluid from amnion removed & tested -genetic screening for disorders |
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Conditions in pregnancy: Pregnancy induced hypertension- Placenta attached to uterine wall covering cervix- #1 cause of preventable defects- |
-preeclampsia -placenta previa -fetal alcohol syndrome |
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What's a spontaneous abortion? In what pregnancies is this common? When does this commonly occur? What supplement helps to prevent? |
-miscarriage -chemical pregnancy (early preg.) -within 1st 20 wks -folic acid |
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What hormone initiates changes in uterus thus initiating labor? What are Braxton hicks contractions?
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-oxytocin (from pituitary) -false labor |
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What is stimulus in labor/childbirth? What is the effector in birth? |
-baby's head -uterus |
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3 stages of labor & what happens: What's the difference in a vertex & breech birth? |
1) dilation: cervix dilates & amnion ruptures 2) expulsion: full dilation & crowning 3) placental: after birth expelled -vertex is headfirst, breech is bottom end first |
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What's an episiotomy? What % of US births are C sections? |
-incision to reduce tearing when fetus stretches vulva -33% |
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What's the neonatal period? What scores the baby's physical status after birth? What's a normal score? |
-period from birth to 4 wks -Apgar score -8 to 10 |
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What % of US births have defects? What's the most common defect? What are 3 other defects in order from most common to least? |
-3% -heart defects -cleft lip, down syndrome, spina bifida |
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What % of couples are infertile? What are 4 types of ART? |
-15% 1) artificial insemination (low sperm) 2) gamete intrafallopian transfer 3) surrogate mothers 4) in vitro fertilization |
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When was in vitro discovered? What is the process? What's the pregnancy rate? |
-1978 -eggs removed & directly fertilized w/ sperm in a dish & implanted @ blastocyst -15% |
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How much does it cost to raise a child on average? |
$221,000 |
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In fetal circulation, what are paired by 3.5 wks? What delivers nutrients/waste? What organ is non functional? Which blood vessel bypasses liver? Which 2 bypass pulmonary circuit? What happens to all these at birth? |
-heart & blood vessels -placenta -lungs -ductus venosus -foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus -they're all occluded |
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In prenatal development, what comprises the conceptus? What is the attachment of conceptus to endometrium called? |
-products of conception: fetus, placenta, membranes -implantation |
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What is parturition? |
True labor contractions |
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How far apart are contractions initially? Closer to birth? Why do they periodically relax? What causes labor pain? |
-30 min apart, 1 to 3 min -allow blood flow to placenta & fetus - stretching in ischemia of myometrium in the vagina, cervix, perineum |
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What's the difference b/w primipara & multipara? What does each do in labor? |
-primipara is giving birth for 1st time, multipara is having given birth before -duration of labor stages is longer in primipara than in multipara |
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4 stages of labor: Which stage does water break? Which stage starts when baby's head enters vagina/crowning? Which stage expels placenta, amnion, & other fetal membranes? |
1) early dilation (water breaks) 2) late dilation 3) expulsion (crowning) 4) placental stage (expulsion of fetal membranes) |
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When is puerperium? What does it entail? What is involution? |
-first 6 wks after birth (postpartum) -mother's anatomy/physiology return to normal, uterus shrinks, breastfeeding suppresses estrogen to help shrink uterus -shrinkage of uterus |
