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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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- 1 out of 3 people in US get ____
- How many new cases of cancer are there every yr? |
- cancer
- 1.5MM |
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What are 3 top cancers for men?
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Prostate, Lung, Colorectal
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3 top cancers for women?
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Breast, lung, colorectal
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Although breast cancer is leading cancer, which cancer is leading cause of death among women?
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lung, since dx is hard and often too late
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- Cancer & cancer death rates are higher among men vs women.
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T
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Which ethnic group have highest cancer death rates?
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African Americans
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Which group has least cancer death rates?
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Asian/Pacific Islanders
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Cancer survival rates have increased. Why?
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due to earlier diagnosis and better treatment
- Only cancer survival rates haven't increased dramatically. |
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You need 5 servings a day of what food group to help prevent cancer?
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Vegetables & fruits
- Less than 25% of pop eats that amt |
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Leading cause of cancer death among both men & women is?
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Lung cancer
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____ cells have a smaller nucleus to cytoplasm ratio than ____ cells.
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Normal; cancer
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Humans have how many chromosomes? pairs?
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46 chromosomes or 23 pairs; 22 pairs are somatic and 1 pair is sex.
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How many stages do cells go through?
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5 stages:
- G0 stage - resting phase - G1 stage - pre-synthesis stage - cell starts getting ready - S stage- Synthesis phase where DNA is duplicated (dbled) - G2 stage- pre mitotic stage; cells get ready for mitosis - M stage- Mitosis - cell divides and forms 2 daughter cells. |
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In what stage are cancer cells most vulnerable in?
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S stage since this is when DNA is duplicated
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Cancer cell cycles are often very rapid and not as regulated as normal cells. T or F
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T
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- "oma" as in Fibroma or osteoma are ____
- "sarcoma" & "carcinoma" are suffixes that mean ______ |
- benign
- malignant |
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Neoplasm?
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- new growth
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characteristics of malignant cancers?
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- grow by invasion
- rarely encapsulated - highly vascular - grow very rapidly |
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Nadir?
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point of lowest activity of bone marrow - usually following chemotherapy
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Oncogene?
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developmental gene that converts norma cell into cancer cell
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cancers metastisize in 3 ways?
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by direct invasion
by blood by lymph system |
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neoplastic aka
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malignant
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mitotic index?
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% of cells that are dividing rapidly
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ANC stands for?
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Absolute Neutrophil Count
- chemo produces neutropenia and suppresses bone marrow activity |
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Incidence rate?
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# of persons with newly dx cancer in a specific period in a given population ie Morris Cty 50K/2MM = 2.5%
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prevalence rate?
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amt of old and new cancers, ie 50K new + 50K old/2MM = 5%
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Sensitivity test?
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- positive dx
screening test for cancer where if cancer is present, the result is positive |
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Specificity test?
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- negative dx
proofs absence of disease |
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Define these characteristics of cancer cells?
1) Pleomorphism 2) hyperchromatism 3) aneuploidy |
1) cells of various size & shape ie nucleus enlarged, increased ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm
2) dark purple, densely stained due to more nucleus material 3) less or more than normal number of chromosomes - Turner syndrome - 45; prone for leukemia - Klinefelter's syndrome - 47;prone for breast cancer - Down's syndrome- extra 21 chromosome- prone for leukemia |
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Where do these cancers normally metastisize to:
1) lung cancer 2) prostate cancer 3) colo-rectal cancer |
1) brain cancer
2) bone cancer 3) liver cancer |
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Familial polyposis?
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colon loaded w polyps; can lead to colorectal cancer
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Name theories of carcinogenesis?
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- Hormonal cancers are androgen dependent (ie testosterone dependent) such as prostate cancer; treat by giving estrogen or remove source of androgen
- Chemicals - 17 carcinogens in tobacco; others: benzene, asbestos - Viral - Epstein-Barr (EBV); Hepatitis B (HBV) causes liver cancer; Hep C - liver and lymphatic cancers - Radiation- when treating cancer, risk that radiation therapy will cause cancer ie, pts develop leukemia after being treated for lung cancer with radiation - Genetics - Immunologic - HIV (Aids), Kaposi's Sarcoma |
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Role of proto-oncogenes?
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regulate normal cell growth & repair
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Oncogenes?
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mutated proto-oncogenes due to exposure to carcinogens; can transform normal cell into cancer cell
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BRCA1 & BRCA2?
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Symbol for breast cancer gene
- when healthy, this gene suppresses unwanted growth - when mutated or defective, these genes can cause breast cancer |
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angiogenesis?
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when new blood vessels form
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Smoking is the highest cancer risk in US
87% of lung cancer assoc w smoking after 15 yrs of no smoking, ex-smoker has same cancer risk as normal person who is non-smoker T or F |
T
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Primary prevention?
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avoiding cancer
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Secondary prevention?
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early detection & early treatment
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How often should you have cancer checkups?
1) - 20-40 yrs old? 2) - 40+ yrs old? |
1) every 3 yrs
2) every yr for thyroid, lymph, skin, breast, prostate |
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Name 6 exams & tests that you can do for secondary prevention?
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1) self exams- breast & testicular
2) Clinical exams -doctor does breast exam 3) screening cytological exams - pap smear 4) screening exams for blood, urine, stool 5) endoscopic exams- colonoscopy, bronchoscopy |
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most common symptom for bladder cancer is _____
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hematuria - blood in urine
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women sh perform BSE after ___ yrs old
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20 yrs old; perform monthly 5-7 days after beginning of period
- don't do BSE during menstruation because breasts are tender; perform 5-7 days after beginning of period - Day 1 of menstrual cycle= 1st day of bleeding |
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testicular cancer is most common among ____ yrs old
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15-35 yrs old
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all men over ____ yrs old should have prostate checked annually
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50 yrs old
stony hard prostate is problem |
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Define pnemonic to remember the early warning signs of cancer
CAUTION |
C- changes in bowel & bladder habits
A- a sore that doesn't heal or go away U- unusual bleeding or discharge T- Thickening or lump in breast I- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O- obvious change in wart or mole N - Nagging cough |
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what are key components to dx cancer?
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- good nursing hx
- physical - review of symptoms (CAUTION) - Diagnostic tests |
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Best way to Dx cancer is ____
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via biopsy
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Pap smear detects ____
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cervix cancer
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ovDefine these diagnostic tests & what cancers they dx?
1) - PSA 2) - AFP 3) - CEA 4) - Ca 125 5) - B-HCG |
1) Prostate Specific Antigen
2) Alpha Feto Proteins- assoc w liver cancer 3) Carcinoembryonic Antigen - colorectal, pancreatic 4) assoc w ovary, uterus and liver cancers 5) Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - serum tumor marker assoc w breast, lung, pancreas, ovary, testis, and vasicular mole |
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tobacco is a complete carcinogen that can both initiate and promote cancer T or F
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T
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3 ways to stage tumors are:
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1) Clinical - based on S&S & test results
2) Surgical 3) Pathologic -most definitive; tumors graded from G1 to G4 depending on differentiation; well-differentiated - looks like parent cell poorly differentiated - can't determine which organ the cell came from |
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TNM staging of tumors has 3 components:
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T- Tumor size
N- spread to lymph Nodes M- metastasis |
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Explain the 4 types of T for TNM staging are:
1) Tx 2) T0 3) Tis 4) T1-T4 |
1) tumor can't be assessed
2) no evidence of tumor 3) Carcinoma in situ. - means its a localized cancer that won't spread 4) increasing size of tumor |
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Explain the 3 types of N for TNM tumor staging
1) Nx 2) No 3) N1-N3 |
1) lymph node can't be assessed
2) no lymph node metastasis 3) increasing involvement of lymph nodes |
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Explain the 3 types of M in TNM tumor staging
1) Mx 2) Mo 3) M1 |
1) Metastasis can't be assessed
2) no (distant) metastasis 3) presence of (distant) metastasis |
