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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of Digestion |
-Mechanical -Chemical -Microbial |
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Passage Rates |
Monogastric: 12-20 hours Ruminant: 96-120 hours |
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Stomach volumes |
Reticulum- 5% Rumen- 80% Omasum- 7-8% Abomasum- 8-9% |
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Other name for Reticulum |
Honeycomb |
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Rumen |
Lined with papillae and doesn't secrete enzymes Storage and fermentation chamber |
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VFAs |
Volatile Fatty Acids Three main energy sources in ruminant -Proprionate -Acetate -Butyrate |
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Rumen & Microbes |
Rumen provides: -Warm, wet, dark anaerobic conditions -Proper pH (6.8) -Substrate (Feed) Bacteria provides: - VFAs - Vitamin K - B Vitamins - Combine N with C skeleton from carbs to form protein |
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Eructation |
Belching of gas |
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Omasum |
"Manyplies" Reduction of particle size Absorption of water |
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Abomasum |
"True stomach" First glandular portion of gastro-intestinal tract Equivalent to stomachs in non-ruminants |
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Stomach (Swine and Equine) |
pH 2-3 Secretes digestive juices: -Gastrin -Hydrochloric Acid -Pepsin -Rennin |
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Gastrin |
Hormone that releases digestive enzymes
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Hydrochloric Acid |
Activates pepsin
Majority of gastric acid |
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Pepsin |
Begins protein digestion Degrades proteins into peptides |
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Rennin |
Natural complex of enzymes used to digest mother's milk |
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Small Intestine parts |
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
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Duodenum |
Lots of digestion is still occurring -ase vs -ide |
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Jejunum |
Active site of nutrient absorption Villi increase surface area |
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Ileum |
Active site of nutrient absorption Catches what everything else misses |
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Liver |
Uses bile salts to emulsify fats Bile stored in gall bladder Contains lots of iron |
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Large Intestine |
Three sections: -Cecum -Colon -Rectum Microbial digestion -> VFAs Absorption of water Synthesis of B vitamins |
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Large intestine (Horse) |
60% of GIT Cecum -Bacterial fermentation -Synthesis of water soluble vitamins and vitamin K |
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Nutrition |
Study of how the body uses nutrients and feed to sustain life and for productive purposes 50-80% of total cost of livestock production is feed related |
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Nutrient |
A component of feed that aids in the support of life |
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Feed |
Any material, after ingestion by the animal, that is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilized |
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Types of Diets |
-Maintenance: cost in terms of energy to maintain body activity. No loss, no gain. -Diet: Intended to lose weight -Ad Libitum: All you can eat buffet. Gain lots of weight -Limit fed: Limited amount of feed |
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Components of feed |
Water Dry matter -Inorganic matter (minerals) -Organic matter --Carbohydrates --Lipids --Proteins --Vitamins |
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Functions of water |
Transportation of nutrients and metabolic waste Chemical reactions Regulation of body temperature |
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Water loss |
Urine and feces Heating and cooling |
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Protein |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN Most expensive to feed |
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25 Amino Acids |
PVT TIM HALL -Phenylalanine -Valine -Threonine -Tryptophan -Isoleucine -Methionine -Histisine -Arginine -Lysine -Leusine |
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Lipids |
Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Fat More dense energy than any other feed |
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Glycerol by # of fatty acids |
1- Monoglyceride 2- Diglyceride 3- Triglyceride |
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Fatty acids |
Unsaturated Saturated- No double bonds |
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Energy densities |
Fat: 9.45 Cal/g Carbohydrates: 4.2 Cal/g Protein: 5.65 Cal/g |
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3 Fatty acids |
Acetic (2 Carbons) Propionic (3 Carbons) Butyric (4 Carbons) |
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Volatile Fatty Acids |
Major energy source for ruminants Produced by microbial fermentation |
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Carbohydrates |
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Formed by photosynthesis |
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Types of Carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose Disaccahrides: Sucrose, lactose, cellobiose Polysaccharides: Many sugar molecules Simple carbohydrates: Amylose (plant starch), and glycogen (plant starch) Complex carbohydrates: Cellulose, hemicellulose, & lignin (indigestible) |
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Fat soluble vitamins |
AEDK |
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Water soluble vitamins |
B complex and C |
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Vitamin A |
Found in leafy forages Helps your eyes |
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Vitamin D |
Provided by sunlight Assists in Calcium absorption Prevents rickets and urinary calculi |
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Vitamin E |
Tocopherols Prevents oxidation of lipids within membranes Associated with selenium Protects cells from phagocytosis |
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Vitamin K
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Required for proper blood clotting Found in green leafy plants Some production by gut bacteria |
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Thiamine |
Foundin whole grains and starchy roots Fiber digesting bacteria produces thiamine |
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Macro minerals |
Calcium Potassium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Sulfur Chlorine |
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Calcium & Phosphorus |
Skeleton development 2:1 ratio (Ca:P) Forages are high in Ca, low in P Grains are low in Ca, high in P |
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Magnesium
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Skeletal maintenance |
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Potassium |
Intracellular fluids, osmotic pressure Not a problem for grazing animals, problem for feeding areas |
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Sulfur |
Most needed in wool producing animals Sulfur toxicity is possible over .4% Must watch N:S ratio with high urea feeds |
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Iodine |
Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones Goiter is sign of deficiency |
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Copper |
Nervous system, skin pigmentation Sheep need 7-11 ppm, goats 10-25 ppm |
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Iron |
Needed for blood Most needed in sheep and goats |
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Feed analysis |
-Digestibility -Percent crude protein -Percent fat -Percent fiber -Ca:P |
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Lasalocid & Decoquinate |
Prevents coccidia |
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Rabon |
Used for fly control |
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Roughages |
>18% crude fiber
Pasture, hay, silage, straw, & stover |
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Carbonaceous concentrates |
High in energy, low in fiber, low in protein Corn, sorghum grains, oats, barley, wheat, molasses, animal fats. |
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Proteinaceous concentrates |
>20% protein <18% fiber, high energy Soybean meal, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, peanut meal, pretty much any meal. |
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Aspects affecting nutrient requirements |
Physical environment Health Feed intake Feed quality Water intake Facilities Life cycle stage Management Social environment Genotype Sex |
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Maintenance requirements |
Repair body tissue Control body temperature Provide energy for vital organs Maintain water balance |
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Most limiting factor in reproduction |
Energy |
