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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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High Resistant Microbes
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bacterial endospores, prions (misfolded proteins)
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Sterilization
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devoid of life
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-cidal agents
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kill, germicide kills pathogens
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-static agents
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prevents new growth, doesn't kill whats already there
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disinfection
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removal of vegetative cells from inanimate objects- doesn't necessarily kill
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Antisepsis
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removal of or preventing introduction of vegetative cells to tissue
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sepsis
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growth of microbes or presence of toxins in blood or tissue
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Asepsis
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practice that prevents entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues
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sanitization
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cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes to REDUCE the level of contaminants
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Degermation
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reducing microbes on skin
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Microbe Death
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loss of reproductive capability even under optimum conditions
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bioburden
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# of organisms
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How do antimicrobial agents work
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-damage cell wall
-damage cell membrane -affect protein and nucleic acid synthesis -alter protein function |
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Methods of physical control
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-Heat
-Cold -Drying -Radiation -Filtration |
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Thermal Death Time
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shortest time necessary to kill a specific organism at a specific temperature (generally higher temp, less time)
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Effect of moist heat
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coagulates proteins
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effect of dry heat
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dehydrates
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Tydallization
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nonpresserized steam
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intermittent sterilization
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-expose to steam (kills vegetative cells)
-incubate-germinate spores -expose to steam again -repeat...get the spores that do not become vegetative at first |
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Boiling Water
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100*C, 30 minutes
-kills all, but endospores |
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Moist Heat
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Autoclave-steam under pressure
-121*C, 15psi -time dependant on bioburden -sterilizes |
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Pasteuriztion
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removal of unwanted organisms (not sterilization)
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Batch pasteurization
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63*C, 30 minutes
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Flash pasteurization
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72*C, 15 seconds
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Ultra high temp treatments
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134*C, 1-2 seconds-sterile milk
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Dry heat
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160*C up to several thousands
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Hot air (dry)
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used for items that do not sterilize well with moist heat
-glassware -metallic instruments (bacticinerator) |
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Cold and Drying
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slows reproduction and growth
some organisms killed preservation technique |
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Lyophilization
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freeze-drying
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Ionizing Radiation
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breaks DNA-prepackaged foods, plastic. vaccines, drugs
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Ultraviolet raditaion
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short term DNA damage (bacteria will repair)
-germicidal lamps-surface only-doesn't penetrate |
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Filtration
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-liquids that can't be heated
-HEPA filter for air -pore size determines removal |
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Phenolic Compounds
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-damages cell membrane, protein
phenol-carbolic acid-poisonous bisphenois-skin antiseptic-time release effect |
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Chlorhexidine
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-surfactant, denatures proteins
mild, low toxicity, rapid action --used in OB and neonatal |
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Alcohols
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-dissolves membranes
good against vegetative cells--not as persistant due to evaporation--creates damp dust in surgery |
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Hydrogen Peroxide-H2O2
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highly reactive-damaging to cells--somewhat unstable--inactivated by catalase
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Detergents-damages cell membranes
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Cationic-most effective
Anionic-limited microbial activity-sopas, mechanical removal of microbes |
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Heavy Metals (Hg, Ag, Au, Cu, As, Zn)
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denatures proteins
toxic, allergens, inactivated by inorganic substances --preservative --silver nitrate-infants eyes at birth |
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Aldehydes
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denature proteins
Glutaraldehyde-used in surgery to disinfect endoscopes, fiberoptics, dental Formaldehyde-disinfect some surgical equipment, dialysis machine TOXIC!! |
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Gases
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affect DNA
-ethylene oxide-carcinogenic -chlorine dioxide-drinking water, food processing equipment, medical waste--decontaminated post offices after 2001 Anthrax scare |
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Dyes
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used in solutions for skin infections also in veterinary ointments
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Acids and Alkalis
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denatures proteins
caustic, corrosive, hazardous |
