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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gender
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*Is a social label -Traits and behaviors regarded by culture as appropriate to men and Women
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Sex
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Is a Biological label -Male and Female
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Minimalist views
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*Few differences between men and women.
*Deny "gender divide" |
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Maximalist View
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*Vast fundamental differeces. *Differences are not likely to change.
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Essentialist View
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*Gender is directly related to biology. *Evolutionary psychlogy fall under this category. *Biological differences determine behavior.
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Structuralism
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*Understanding the structure of the CONSCIOUS mind.
-Wlhelm Wundt, founder (~1879) -Wanted to know about human thought proccess. -Based on studying adults. |
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Functionalism
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*Emphasis on how to mind fuction rather than the structure. -Adaptability and intelligence became the focus over structue. *William James (late 1800's-Early 1900's) *Wider range of participants *Compare individual differences did not take social influence into consideration - Focus on Biology *Women differ inn ability and peersonality compare to men.
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Behaviorism
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*Focuses on OBSERVABLE behavior.
*Interested in learning and memory. *Womenless psychology. -Classical Condtioning Pavlov -Operant Conditioning |
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Equality
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*The giving of equal resources at the biginnning, same chaces for all.
-EX. Same cabilty and opportunity to win. |
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Equity
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*Gaining fairness. Apply a great number of resouces to a disadvantage group.
-EX. Swimming ex. |
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Liberal Feminist
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*Equalitarian Feminism. *Moderte brannch: All are created equal. *End discrimination based on sex and extend to women the rights that men have always had. *National Organization of Women (NOW) *Betty Friedan (1921-2006) founder of NOW, autthor of The Fiminine Mystique
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Socialism Feminism
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*Inferior position of women is tied to capitalism system based on class
*Sexism supports capitalism because of the unpaid labor of women. *Entire social structure needs to be altered to free women and opressed *Sheila Rowbotham, Manchester University |
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Radical Feminnism
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*Women to women
*Women are oppresed by men which yields oppresion by race & class. *Sexism is a core of patriarchal society. -Solution is to create women institutions and sever relatonships from men. |
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Profeminism Mens Movement: NOMAS
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*Enlightened men or New age men
*Share ideologies of liberal feminism *Men and women are basicaly alike & women shoould enjoy the same opportunities, rights and status in society as men. *Sociatal expectations of masculinity force men to repress their feelings |
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National Coalition for Men (Freeman)
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*Aim to restore mens pride in bing "real men" but not necesssarily in the tradditional masculine role.
*Patriarchy male burden is the provider role which causes relentless oppression of men *Male privilege is an illusion |
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Mythopoetic Men
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*Founded by Robert Bly
*Rediscover the deeo, mythic roots of masculine thinking & feeling to restore men to spiritual, emotional & intellectual wholeness. *Ideal men would existed during the and end middle ages. *Workshops & retreats to the woods w/o womenn & civilization. |
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Promise Keepers
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*Founded by Bill McCortney (1990)
*Christian men come together to pray. *Men have become irresponsible and unfaithful to themselvs & Family. *Critics say that taking resposibility really means taking awa from womens rights and voice. *Women married to PK -about restoring famili values, respec, spirituality & love not subordintion. |
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Million Men March
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*Founded by Louis Farrakhan
*Black men alone for sins and to reconcie w/one another *Praise as a positive movement for black men. *Women are excluded from marches. |
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Empirical Observations
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*Capable of measurement, can be proved or disproved w/ observation or experimentation *Behaviorism vs. Emperialism
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Quatitative
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*Systematic plan utilized inn gathering data w/an attempto avio bias.
*Rely w/a specific variable or variables to answer questions. *Variable the factor of interest. |
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Experimental Design
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Obtain a CAUSE $ effect relationship between to variables.
IV: The manipulated or experimental variable -The variable is changed independently of any other factor. DV: The variable that is mesured in an experiment -This variable depends on the manipulation of IV. The effect of the IV on the DV. |
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Ex post facto
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*Allows researchers to study variables that are unable to be manipulated.
*Researchers choose subject variable *Subject variable: Charcteristic of interest in the participant. -Ex brain damange, sexual orientation. *Quasi expeiment: not a true experiment, no cause and effect. |
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Descriptive Design
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*Describing characteristic or attitude, understanding.
-*Survey: Questionnaries -*Correlational Studies: The goal to discribe the strength of a relationship between two or more events. Correlation coeffiecints tells is the strenght type. |
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Correlation
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Correlation does not mean causation
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Qualitative
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*Focuses on understanding the complexity of the situation rather than trying to reduce the situation to numbers. -Brand new every time -Stage theory development (EX.stair case) -Different data collection accepts subjectivity.
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Case study
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*Intensive study of one person or one situation
*not able to generalize |
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Interviews
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*Allows for the exploration of a topic through the exchange of inforrmation between the interviewer and the participant.
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Ethnography
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Involves study of naturally occurring events of a group.
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Design Bias
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*When study fails to identify validity problems OR when the media fails to incorporate the reasearchers cautions.
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Prosedual Bias
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When a researcher administers the interview or questinnaire under adverse conditions.
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Mesurement Bias
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When researcher fails to control for the effects of data collection/measuremenet.
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Sampling Bias
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When a researcher fails to select a sample that represents the whole population.
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Type 3 error/problem Bias
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When a researcher attempts to solve the wrong problem.
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Nature
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*Innate (bilogical) qualities
-EX. strong baby |
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Nurture
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*Environmental experinece
-Ex. Strong adult |
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Freud
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*Human are influence by unconscious motives.
*Early childhood experince are important *Sex and agression are motivating force *Freudian slips- means everything we say. |
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Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development
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*Oral *Anal *Phallic *Sexual Letancy *Genital Peburty Stage of development is said to be complete w/ emotional detachment from parents and libidinal attachment to own sex partner.
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Oral
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0-1 - mouth or oral source of pleasure.
-Fails to pass relates to smoking, kissing, talking. |
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Anal
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1-3 - toilet training development of self control and power. -Fail to pass results in selfishness, neat obssesive or defiatly messy.
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Phallic
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3-6 - interest in own sex organs and feeling. -Oedipal complex closer to mom (boy) aggresive to father -Electra complt closer to dad (girl) penis envy
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Sexual Lantency
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6-11 - Indenify w/ same sex parent
-super ego develops -development or social and moral values |
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Freud Ego Defense Mechanism
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*Helps us cope w/anxiety & keep ego from being overwhelming considered normal behavior.
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Denial
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*Close your eyes an pretend its still there.
-Ex. parents lost a child leave room intact think they will come back |
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Displacement
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*Takinng out negtive anger on someone that has nothing to do.
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Identification
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*Development proccess
-Ex. Sororities & Frats *Enhance self esteem |
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Rationalization
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*Try to come up with a good reason on why something bad happened.
-Ex. Work promotion |
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Projection
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Taking your own inappropriate feelings and saying someone else has them.
-Ex. Cheatng on BF and accuse them of cheating. |
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Sublimation
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*Taking aggresive or sex negative behavior & channaling positive.
-Ex. Release anger at gym |
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Horney's
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*Theory of personality
*Psycoanalitical Feminist *Reformulated masculine bias been in Freuds theory *Focus on unconscious & childhood experiences *Womb Envy *Men fear women. Attribute evil to women to hide their own inadequance |
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Chodorow
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*Theory of development
*Mother Intant relationship *Focus on early identification w/ mother *Girls have it easier in developing sense of self *Boys must reject feminity of mother to become masculine -Develope fear and inferiority for women. |
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Kaschak
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*Antgone *Social structure perpetauates defferentiation of power between gender. - men and women have different roles. *Resolving the oedipal complex is unlikely patriachal society. -men treat women as extension of themselves -Women who can resolve the antigone phase are independent.
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Erikson
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*Intimacy vs. Isolation: (19-40age) based on if you have relationship and commitment.
* Generativity vs. Stagnation: (35-60age) sense of purpose consern of next generation and making the world a better place. *Intergitity vs. Dispair: (65 +) satisfy where you are |
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kohlberg
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*Moral development
* Morality is justice * Observed behavior may be different than what is verbalized * Only men and boys used in samples. |
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Kolhberg moral development stages
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1- Pre conventional: obidience and self intrest 2- Convetional: comformity and maitaing social order 3- Post conventional: social contract and ethical principal
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Gender Schema
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*Developed by Sandra Bem
* Schema cognitive that organizes and guides perception - accounts for childrens socialization into gender espesific roles |
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Gender script theory
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*Extesion of gender schema theory
* Social knowledge about gender acuired by children is organized in a sequence of events. * Changes the cognitive process and memory. |
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Hypothalamus
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*The brain tells it to secrete releasing hormones which tells the pituitary gland to release hormones. * pituitary gland the anterior pituitary releases tropic hormones(gonadotropins) into th blood streams, stimulating gonads to release more hormones.
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Sex Hormones
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*Derived from cholesterol
* Androgen: testosterones * Estrogens: estradile * Progestins: progesterone |
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Wolffian System and Mullerian system
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*male system (WS)
*female system(MS) * 23 pairs of chromosomes the 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes - if XX female - if XY male |
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Different types of Sydromes
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*Turner Sydrome: only one X chromosome (girl) w/o fuctioning ovaries. * Extra X chromosome XXX, XXXX , XXXXX (girl) can be sterile *Kilnefelter Sydrome: XXY, XXXY, XXXXY (boy) small testies and sterile and have bobs * XYY chormosome pattern (boy) big and agressive.
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Intersexuality
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Hermaphroditism
* Individual has both male and female reproductive organs so some extent. |
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Cognition
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act or proccess of knowing (inlcudes awareness, judgement, perceiving, and resoning)
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Abilities
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*Quality of being able to do something particularly physical or mental task( natural aptitude or adcuired proficiency)
* Girls exceed inn verbal ability -language acquisition and writinng ability *Boys excel in Math -anologies |
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Insomia
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*Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. *Most common Dyssomia *Associated w/medical or psychological problem. *Mostly on women
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Narcolepsy
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*Excessive daytime sleepness *Cataplexy -Suddden muscle paralysis -Precepitated by strong emotion *Sleep Paralysis Uable to talk or move -Common in both
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Sleep Apnea & Sleep disorder Breathing
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*Ristrictted air flow *obstructed sleep apnea -air flow stops but respiratory system works *central leep apnea - respiratory system stops for a brief period -Common in Male
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Parasomnia
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*sleep walking stages 3 and 4 boys
*Enuresis: weting the bed boys *nightmares during REM sleep both |
