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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fetal Circulation
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p. 76
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Do you want to see a high yield diagram?
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Then go to page 76!
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Saturation level of blood in umbilical vein?
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80%
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Foramen ovale: its function in fetal circulation?
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Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the foramen ovale and pumped out the aorta to the head.
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Ductus Arteriosus: its function in fetal circulation?
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Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus to the lower body of the fetus.
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What happens at birth, when infant takes a breath?
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Decreased resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes increased left atrial pressure vs right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closes; increase in O2 leads to decrease in prostaglandins, causing closure of ductus arteriosus.
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What drug can be given to close a patent ductus arteriosus?
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Indomethacin
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What drug can be given to keep a patent ductus arteriosus open?
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Prostaglandins
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Fetal-postnatal derivatives
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p.76
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Umbilical vein becomes the:
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ligamentum teres hepatis
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umbilical arteries become the:
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medial umbilical ligaments
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ductus Arteriosus becomes the:
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ligamentum arteriosum
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ductus venosus becomes the:
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ligamentum venosum
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foramen ovale becomes the:
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fossa ovalis
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allantois - urachus becomes the:
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median umbilical ligament
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notochord becomes the:
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nucleus pulposus
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urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant of the:
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allantois (urine drainage from the bladder)
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Aortic Arch Derivatives
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1st arch:
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part of maxillary artery (1st is MAXimal)
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2nd arch:
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stapedial artery and hyoid artery (Second = Stapedial)
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3rd arch:
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common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery (C is the 3rd letter of the alphabet)
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4th arch:
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on left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of right subclavian artery 4th arch (4 limbs) = systemic
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6th arch:
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proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus. 6th arch = pulmonary and the pulmonary-to-systemic shunt (ductus arteriosus)
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diagram of aortic arch derivatives:
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see page 76!
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Branchial apparatus
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p. 77
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branchial clefts are dervied from:
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ectoderm
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branchial arched are derived from:
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mesoderm and neural crests
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branchial pouches are derived from:
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endoderm
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mnemonic to remember branchial apparatus derivation:
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CAP covers outside from inside (Clefts = ectoderm, Arches = mesoderm, Pouches = endoderm)
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Branchial arch 1 derivatives
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p. 77
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Meckel's cartilage:
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Mandible, Malleus,incus,sphenoMandibular ligament
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Muscles:
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Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tesnsor tympani, tensor veli palatini
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Nerve:
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CN V3
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Branchial Arch 2 derivatives
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p. 77
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Reichert's cartilage:
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Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament
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Muscles:
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muscles of facial expression, Stapedius,Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric.
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Nerve:
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CN VII
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Branchial arch 3 derivatives
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p.77
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Cartilage:
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greater horn of hyoid
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Muscle:
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stylopharyngeus (Think of pharnx: stylopharyngeus is innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve.
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Nerve:
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CN IX
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Branchial arch 4 to 6 derivatives
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p.77
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Cartilages:
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thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, cornicuate, cuneiform
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Muscles (4th arch):
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mostly pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini.
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5th arch:
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makes no major developmental contributions
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Muscles (6th arch):
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all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
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Nerve (4th arch):
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CN X
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Nerve (6th arch):
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CNX (recurrent laryngeal branch)
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Branchial arch innervation
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p.77
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Arch 1 derviatives are supplied by:
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CN V2 and V3
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Arch 2 derivatives are supplied by:
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CN VII
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Arch 3 derivatives are supplied by:
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CN IX
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Arch 4 and 6 derivatives supplied by:
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CNX
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For diagram:
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see p. 77
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Branchial cleft derivatives
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p. 77
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1st cleft develops into
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external auditory meatus
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2nd through 4th clefts form:
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temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme.
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Persistent cervial sinus can lead to a:
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branchial cyst in the neck
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Ear development:
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p.77
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Bone: Incus/Malleus come from:
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1st arch
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Bone: Stapes comes from:
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2nd arch
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Muscle: Tensor tympani (V3) comes from:
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1st arch
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Muscle: Stapedius (VII) comes from:
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2nd arch
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External auditory meatus comes from:
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1st cleft
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Eardrum, eustacian tube comes from:
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1st pharyngeal membrane
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Branchial pouch derviatives:
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p. 78
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1st pouch develops into:
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middle ear cavity, eustacian tube, mastiod air cells (1st pouch contributes to endoderm-lined structures of ear)
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2nd pouch develops into:
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epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
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3rd pouch (dorsal wings) develops into:
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inferior parathyroids (3rd pouch contributes to 3 structures: thymus, left and right inferior parathyroids)
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3rd pouch (ventral wings) develops into:
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thymus
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4th pouch develops into:
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superior parathyroids
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Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches -->
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DiGeorge's syndrome --> leads to T-cell deficiency (thymic hypoplasia) and hypocalcemia (parathyroid glands)
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Thymus
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p. 78
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Site of:
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T-cell maturation
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Encapsulated or unencapsulated?
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encapsulated
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which branchial pouch?
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from epithelium of 3rd branchial pouches
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Lymphocyte origin?
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lymphocytes are of mesenchymal origin
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cortex is dense with:
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immature T cells
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medulla is pale with:
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mature T cells and epithelial reticular cells and contains Hassall's corpuscles. (think of the Thymus as "finishing school" for T cells. They arrive immature and "dense" in the cortex; they are mature in the medulla.
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What occurs at the corticomedullary junction?
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Positive and negative selection
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Thyroid Development
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p. 78
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Thyroid diverticulum arises from:
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floor of primitive pharnyx, descends into neck.
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Connected to tongue by
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thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears but may persist as a pyramidal lobe of thyroid.
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Formen cecum is:
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a normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct
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The most common ectopic thyroid tissue site is the:
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Tongue!
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Tongue development
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p. 78
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1st branchial arch forms the
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anterior 2/3 of the tongue (thus sensation via CN V3, taste via CNVII)
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3rd and 4th branchial arches form:
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posterior 1/3 of the tongue (thus sensation and taste mainly via CN IX, extreme posterior via CN X).
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Cranial nerves for taste?
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CN VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus)
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Motor innervation is via CN?
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CN XII
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For diagram:
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see p. 78
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Cleft lip and cleft palate:
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p. 78
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define cleft lip
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failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes
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define cleft palate
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failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process.
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For diagram:
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see p. 78
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Diaphragm embryology
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p. 79
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diaphragm is derived from:
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Septum transversarium, Pleuroperitoneal folds, Body wall, Dorsal mesentery of esophagus (Several Parts Build Diaphragm. Diaphragm descends during develpoement but maintains innervation from above C3-C5. "C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive."
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hiatial hernia
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abdominal contents may herniate into the throax due to incomplete development of the diaphragm.
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For diagram:
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see p. 79
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Bone Formation
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p. 79
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Intramembranous
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spontaneous bone formation without preexisting cartilage.
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Endochondral
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ossification of carilaginous molds. Long bones form by this type of ossification at 1o and 2o centers
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Meckel's Diverticulum
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p. 79
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definition
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persistence of the vitelline duct or yolk stalk. May contain ectopic acid-secreting gastric muscosa and/or pancreatic tissue.
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What is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract?
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Meckel's diverticulum
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Complications of Meckel's Diverticulum?
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can cause bleeding or obstruction near the terminal ileum.
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Comparison of Meckel's Diverticulum to Omphalomesenteric cyst?
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Cystic dilatation of the vitelline duct.
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Associated with
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intussusception and volvulus
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Mnemonic to remember Meckel's diverticulum
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The five 2's: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecal valve, 2% of population, commonly presents in first 2 years of life, may have 2 epithelia.
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For diagram:
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see p. 79
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Pancreas and Spleen embryology
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p. 79
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Parcreas is derived from the
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foregut
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ventral pancreatic bud becomes the
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pancretic head, uncinate process (lower half of head), and main pancreatic duct.
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dorsal pancreatic bud becomes:
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everything else (body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct).
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Spleen arises from
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dorsal mesentery but is supplied by artery of foregut.
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For diagram:
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see p 79
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Genital ducts
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p. 80
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Mesonephric (wolffian) duct
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Develops into Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens (SEED)
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Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct
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Develops into fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina.
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Mullerian inhibiting substance is secreted by:
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the testes to suppress development of paramesonephric ducts in males.
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For diagram:
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see p. 80
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Bicornuate uterus:
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p. 80
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results from
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incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts.
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Associated with
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urinary tract abnormalities and infertility
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For diagram:
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see p. 80
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Male/female genital homologues:
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p. 80
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Genital tubercle (male) -->
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glans penis via dihydrotestosterone
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genital tubercle (female) -->
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glans clitoris via estrogen
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urogenital sinus (male) -->
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corpus spongiosum, bulbourethral glands (of Cowper), prostate gland: via dihydrotestosterone
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urogenital sinus (female) -->
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vestiubular bulbs, greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin), Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene): via estrogen
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urogenital folds (male) -->
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ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) via dihydrotestosterone
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urogenital folds (female) -->
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labia minora via estrogen
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labioscrotal swelling (male) -->
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scrotum via dihydrotestosterone
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labioscrotal swelling (female) -->
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labia majora via estrogen
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For diagram:
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see p. 80
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Congenital penile abnormalities
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p. 81
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Hypospadia
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abnormal opening of the penile urethra on inferior (ventral) side of penis due to failure of urethral folds to close.
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Epispadia
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abnormal opening of the penile urethra on superior (dorsal) side of penis due to faulty positioning of the genital tubercle.
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epispadia is associated with
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exstrophy of the bladder
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Which is more common, hypospadia or epispadia?
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Hypospadial; fix hypospadias to prevent UTI's
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Sperm Development
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p. 81
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Spermatogenesis begins with
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spermatogonia (type A and type B; type A forms both type A and type B spermatogonia)
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full development takes how long?
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2 months
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where does spermatogenesis occur?
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Spermatogenesis occurs in Seminiferous tubules.
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For diagram:
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see p. 81
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Derivation of sperm parts:
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p. 81
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acrosome is derived from
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the golgi apparatus and flagellum (tail) from one of the centrioles.
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what does the neck of the sperm have?
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Middle piece (neck) has Mitochondria.
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Sperm food supply is:
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fructose
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For diagram:
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see p. 81
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Meiosis and Ovulation:
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p. 81
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1o oocytes begin and complete meiosis I when?
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begin: during fetal life; complete: just prior to ovulation. Meiosis I is arrested in prOphase for years until Ovulation.
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What phase is Meiosis II arrested in?
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Meiosis II is arrested in METaphase until fertilization. -- "An egg MET a sperm."
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