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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anticholinergic toxicity muscarinic, nicotinic or both? |
muscarinic |
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H1 blockers example off-target effects |
diphenydramine also block ACh |
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H2 fxn |
stimulates gastric acid release |
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nACh - where/what targeted for? sfx |
postgang symp/parasymp skeletal muscle paralysis in anesthesia sfx: respiratory paralysis, hypotension, tachy |
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alpha 1 agonists use sfx |
vasoconstriction for congestion sfx: mydriasis |
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drugs with anti-muscarinic effects (5) |
atropine, TCA, H1 blocker, neuroleptics, PD drugs |
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c perfringens toxin, target |
lecithinase - exotoxin targets cell membrane |
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pertussis toxin effects |
increases cAMP increases insulin, histamine sensitivity |
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S3 indicates normal abn |
after S2 indicates rapid ventricular filling during diastole, turbulent flow due to high volume normal in: kids, young adults, pregnancy abn. if >40, HF, restrictive CM, high output CM, thyroid tox, dilated CM |
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hemarthrosis, painful/bleeding gums |
hemophilia |
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platelet disorders s/sx |
mucocutaneous , cutaneous ecchymosis, petechiae |
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thrombin time what does it measure what causes it to increase |
measures time to convert fibrinogen > fibrin increases w/ defective fibrin |
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partial hydratiform mole genetics characteristics malignant potential uterine size hCG |
69 xxx, xxy
low risk of malignancy normal uterine size normal/slight increase in hCG fetal parts |
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complete hydratiform mole genetics characteristics malignant potential uterine size hCG |
increased uterine size HIGH hCGe trophoblastic tissue, friable 'bunch of grapes' paternal genetic material 46xx or xy 15-20% malignant risk |
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e. coli lactose fermenter? relevant agars/colors virulence factor(s) hemolysis |
lactose fermenger > green on EMB agar beta hemolytic fimbraie/pili k1 capsule > neonatal menigitis |
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Liver and lung disease in young person specifics staining complications |
think A1AT panacinar emphysema > dyspnea in 30s red/pink globules on PAS = A1AT in hepatos can progress to cirrhosis, hcc |
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interstitial infiltrate in lung indicates? |
interstitial pneumonitis |
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pulmonary congestion in what condition? |
CHF |
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ectopic tissue in what GI condition? |
meckel's |
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ectopic vs. metaplastic |
ectopic = congenital metaplasia = adult tissue starts as compensatory, increased risk of cancer |
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dysplasia |
malignant transformation |
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loop diuretic effect on renal vasculature? |
increased PG > vasodilation > increased GFR |
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cox effects on renal vasculature |
inhibit PG > inhibit vasodilation |
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nesiritide MOA |
BNP analogue |
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Fick equation |
CO = O2 consumption / A-V O2 difference = SV * HR = 135 * BSA / (13x Hb x (sao2 - svo2) |
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phases of digestion |
cephalic - cholinergic/vagal gastric - stim by food/distension in stomach > gastrin release > H secretion > acid secretion intestinal - stim by protein in duod > ileum/colon release peptide yy > binds enterochromaffin like cells > inhibits histamine release > inhibits acid relaese |
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post-prandial alkaline tide - what/from where |
increased bicarb, decreased Cl followign gastric acid surge in gastric lumen |
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flu vaccin age recommendation, target, type |
> 6 months neuroaminidase - cleaves sialic acid residues to release flu virion inactive |
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pupillary light reflex - afferent/efferent |
afferent limb: CN II efferent limb: CN III |
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CN III palsy |
down + out fixed/dilated pupil loss of accomodation ptosis |
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CN VI lesion |
inward deviation |
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corneal reflex |
afferent: V1 efferent: VII |
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enzyme in lactose intolerance rxn |
beta-galactosidase takes lactose > galactose |
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4 signalling molecules that use GPCR - cAMP |
glucagon, TSH, PTH, beta 1 |
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sildenafil MOA |
inactivates PDE > increased cGMP for ED |
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theophylline MOA |
inactivates PDE > Increased cAMP for asthma |
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HUS possible complication labs cell histo |
schistocytes thrombocytopenia can lead to AKI conjuctival pallor |
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HSP path organs s/sx |
IgA deposition skin, kidney, intestine, joints palpable purpura, arthralgia, abd pain, acute GN |
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kawasaki arteries demographic s/sx |
med sized arteries young fever, conjunctivis, cervical lymphad, periungual desquam, STRAWBERRY TONGUE |
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anaphylaxis tx effects |
epinephrine increased cardiac contractility (b1) > increased CO bronchodilate (b2) |
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alveolar hyperventilation - CO2 and O2 levels and why? Tx |
increased CO2 > breath faster > decreased CO2, but still can't absorb O2
due to V/Q mismatch tachypneic tx w/ O2 |
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enhancers, repressors, promoters locations/characteristics |
enhancers/promoters - throughout genome euk promoters: TATA 25 upstream; CAAT 70-80 upstream |
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pseudomonas tx what not to use..? |
cephalos - specifically ceftazimide, cefepime NOT ceftriaxone |
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sickle cell trait labs, smear, s/sx |
no lab changes, normal smear malaria protection sickle when Na metabisulfide added |
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statin - what increases sfx risk |
cyp inhibitor - increased risk of rhabdo |
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RLS tx 2 examples |
DA agonist ropinirole, pramipexole |
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HMP shunt function, location, uses what? 2 parts - characteristics, products RLS of part 1 cofactor of part 2 which cells use what |
produce ribose-5-P for nucleotide synthesis occurs in cytoplasm, uses NADP+ 1) oxidative, IRreveresible, RLS = G-6-P dehydrogenase: G6P > Ribose-5-P 2) non-oxidative, reversible, all cells: transketolase, transaldolase, product = F6P > glycolysis cofactor = thiamine |
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ETC uses which: NAD, NADH , NADP or NADPH? |
NAD |
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enolase fxn |
2-phosphoglycerate > PEP in glycolysis |
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inferior MI - vasculature, effect |
RCA - SA and AV node > bradycardia |
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atropine sfx |
acute angle glaucoma |
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anti-cholinergic effects |
mydriasis, cycloplegia (can't accomodate), tachy, decreased lacrimation/sweat/GI secretion, detrussor relaxation, delayed voiding, bronchodilation, sedation |
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use of anticholinegics |
sinus brady, heart block (atropine), spastic/neurogenic bladder (oxybutynin), asthma/CPOD, motion sickness (scopolamine), opthalmic exam, uveitis |
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scurvy s/sx path |
bleeding > joints, subperiosteal hemorrhage, gingival swelling (painful!), periodontal infection, rash = hypokeratotic papular, decreased wound healing, increased infx, anemia hydroxylates proline on procollagen |
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B1 deficiency diseases |
beriberi wernicke |
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B2 defieciency s/sx |
cheliosis, stomatitis, glossitis, derm, corneal vascularization, ariboflavinosis |
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B6 deficiency s/sx |
cheliosis, glossitis, derm, PN |
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vit k deficiency |
bleeding, but no painful gums |
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zinc deficiency |
growth retardation, infertility, acrodermatitis enteropathica |
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cheliosis |
cracked corners of mouth |
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acrodermatitis enterophatica |
inherited zn deficiency periorifacial and acral derm, alopecia, diarrhea |
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most common uti other pathogens |
e coli = most common staph sapro, proteus, kleb, enterococci |
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hemophilia mixing study |
clot w/ addition of thrombin |
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protein c function |
degrades Va, VIIIa |
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thrombin function |
converts fibrinogen > fibrin |
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neuro ischemia histo timeline (5) |
12-24 horus: red neurons, eo cyto, pyknotic nuclei 24-72 hours: necrosis, nphil infiltrate 3-5 days: macro infiltrate, phago 1-2 wks: reactive gliosis, vaso prolif, liquefactive necrosis/soft area (persists to 1 month) >2 wks: glial scar, cystic area surrounded by gliosis (>1 month) |
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status epilepticus tx |
1st line: lorazepam & phenytoin 2nd line: phenobarb 3rd line: anesthesia |
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phenytoin MOA |
inhibits Na |
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lorazepam MOA |
inhibits GABA A |
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valproate MOA |
inhibits NMDA, K+ |
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drug-induced SLE
antibodies |
HIPP anti-histone NOT anti-DNA |
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kaposi sarcoma lesion cause tissue |
blue/violet or brown lesions, ascending from feet/legs HHV8 derived from mesenchymal cells |
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abduction |
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CMV in immunocompromised |
retinitis, esophagitis, colitis |
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arm abduction muscles |
1st 10-15 degrees = supraspinatus rest = deltoid mostly |
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winged scapula - muscle, nerve |
long thoracic innervates serratus anterior |
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short head of biceps brachii insertion |
coracoid process |
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deltiod insertions (3 > 1) |
clavicle, acromion, spine of scap > humerus |
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rheumatic fever - what type of heart disease long-term complications |
MV fibrosis can lead to MS > atrial enlargement > atrial muscle thrombosis > stroke |
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infective endocard gross apperance |
Lg, friable vegetations, destruction, not fibrosis |
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RA can lead to what heart pathology? |
fibrinous pericard |
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tertiary syphilis heart pathology |
aortic aneurysm, regurg, aortitis |
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colon adenocarcinoma malignant potential (2) |
size villious > tubular for malig |
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adenoma > carcinoma sequence |
APC > Polyp K-ras > grows p53, DCC > malignant transform |
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liver tests: function intactness biliary tract |
function: Pt, bili, alb, chol intact: transaminase biliary tract: alk phos, GGT |
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alk phos produced where? |
bone, liver, GB |
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what do you check next if you have an elevated alk phos and where is it produced |
GGTP produced by epi of biliary and hepatos |
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1st gen anti-histamines - receptor targets |
H1, mACh, alpha, 5-HT |
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anterior & lateral infarct leads possible complications |
V3-V6 and I LV failure, pulmonary edema transudate! |
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focal necrosis and intraalv hemorrhage diseases? |
goodpasture, CHF |
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transudate - what? |
ultrafiltrate |
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exudate - what? causes |
contains cells, nphils, other crap bacterial infection, asp pneumonia |
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hemosiderin-containing macros in alveoli indicate? |
CHF - hx/o pulm congestion, edema, erythro > alveoli |
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mononuclear interstitial infiltrate in lung |
interestitial lung disease |
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fat globules in lung indicate? |
fat embolism syndrome |
