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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What will determine how much of a toxicant will be distributed to a specific target organ?
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Time-dependant toxicokinetic processes
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Defined as adverse effects or diseased states manifested in specific organs in the body
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Target organ toxicity
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Toxicity may be enhanced by these two things
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Distribution features - deliver a high concentratio of the toxicant to the target organ
inherant features - render target organ highly susceptible to the toxicant |
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Observed differences in target organ toxicity are most likely due to ________ and _________ differences in _______.
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Observed differences in target organ toxicity are most likely due to structural and functional differences in cells that make up organ tissues
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Cells differ in many ways including (7)
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*energy consumption
*rate of cellular division *active and passive transport characteristics *realationship to cell barriers and extracellular matricies *presence of intracellular components *repair mechanisms *biotransformation capacity |
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This is what causes each organ to respond to a toxicant in a different way
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Cellular specialization
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Not all organs are affected to the same extent by a toxicant (T/F)
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true
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a single toxicant may have only one target organ (T/F)
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false; may have seveeral target organs
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several toxicants may have the same target organ (T/F)
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true
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the highest concentration of a toxicant is always found in the target organ
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false; is NOT always found in the target organ
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the concentration of a toxicant in a target organ is a result of________
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all the TOXICOKINETIC processes
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The immune system consists of a network of organs which include
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*bone marrow
*thymus *spleen *lymph nodes |
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these and other cells are derived from the organs of the immune system
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lymphocytes
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T cells are derived from _____
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the pluripotent cells in the bone marrow
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T cells are processed through the ______
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thymus
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T lymphocytes constitute what percentage of circulating lymphocytes
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70%
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On contact with antigens from APCs, these become activated and responsible for mediated cellular immunity.
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T lymphocytes
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give two examples of antigen -presenting cells (APCs)
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macrophages
B cells |
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B cells are derived from______
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pluripotent cells in the bone marrow
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Pluripotent cells are generated from____
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Lymphoid stem cells
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B cells are processed through ____
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Bursal equivalent tissues
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Give examples of Bursal equivalen tissues
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*bone marrow
*lymph nodes *lymphoid tissues in gut (appendix, cecum , Peyer's patches) |
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B lymphocytes constitute what percentage of circulating lymphocytes
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30%
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The primary immune response is initiated by contatct of _______ with B cells.
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antigen
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Some B cells become _____ which retain the surface immunoglobulin receptors, others become ______
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memory cells
plasma cells |
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Memeory cells have Ig__ and Ig__ on their surface
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IgM
IgD |
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Exposure of memory cells to the same antigen at a later time results in _______
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secondary immune response
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Null cells lack ________ and participate in ______.
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*characteristic surface markers of T and B cells
*Nonspecific immune system functions |
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These are a null cell which have spontaneous cytolytic activity especially leukemia and carcinoma cells.
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Natural killer (NK) cells
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From what are macrophages derived?
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the stem cell pool in the bone marrow
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After thry are release from the marrow acrophages appear in the blood as what? in the tissues as what?
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monocytes
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After thry are release from the marrow acrophages appear in the tissues as what?
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histiocytes
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On contact with a foriegn body, Macrophages engulf it becoming______
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activated macrophages
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Activated macrophages are rich in________
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hydrolytic enzymes
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These are derived from the bone marrow, are located in the skin, and act as APCs.
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Langerhans cells
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Langerhans cells serve to process________ and initiate ______
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dermal antigens
contact allery |
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Name the three types of immune responses
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*Immunosuppresion
*Hypersensitivity and alergy *Autoimmunity |
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TCDD is an
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immunotoxin
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TCDD supresses ______immune functions while sparing ____ immmune functions.
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specifc
non-specific |
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Name three types of non specific immune system cells.
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NK cells
Macrophages Langerhans cells |
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The immunotoxicity of TCDD is mediated through binding to the _____ on lymphoid cells
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Ah receptors
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The two most common Hypersensitivity reactions are
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Type 1 - immediate
Type 4 - delayed |
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Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is delayed (T/F)
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false, type 1 is immediate
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Type 1 In a type one reaction, the first exposure to the antigen induces the production of this type of antibody
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IgE
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Subsequent exposure to antigen in a type on reaction triggers the release of these four substances
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histamine
heparin seratonin prostaglandins |
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Type one reactions recsult in clinical malfestations such as
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asthma
rhinitis urticaria anaphylaxis |
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Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction is very common (t/f)
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false; it is not common at all, lowry said he only saw one case in his career.
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Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by cytolysis through______ or________.
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IgG or IgM
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The targets of a Type 2 hypersensitivity rxn are typically
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*erythrocytes
*leukocytes *platelets *progenitor cells of the above three |
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The result of cytolysis in a type 2 hypsens rxn are
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hemolytic anemia
leucopenia thrombocytopenia |
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Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn is less common (t/f)
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true
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Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn is also known as
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Arthus reaction
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In a type 3 hypersensitivity rxn the antigen-antibody complexes are deposited where?
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vascular endothelium
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Damaged blood vessesl in a type 3 hypersensitivity rxn may cause
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*lupus erythematous (procainamide)
*glomular nephritis (gold) |
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Type 4 hypersensitivity rxn is delayed (t/f)
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true
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What mediates a type 4 hypersensitivity rxn?
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T (cells rather than antibodies)
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Perivascular infiltration of monocytes, lymphocytes, and lymphoblasts is characteristic of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
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type 4
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When the immune system produces antibodies to endogeous antigens it is called
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autoimmunity
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Hemolytic anemia is due to the phagocytosis of erythrocytes because of ________
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the presence of antibodies of endogenous antigens on the erythrocytes
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Hemolytic anemia is an autoimmune diease (t/f)
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true
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Evidence does not show a specific chemical that directly causes an autoimmune response(t/f)
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true
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Auto immune diseases are all thought to be caused by a virus (t/f)
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true
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Name three types of autoimmune diseases
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AIDS
rheumatoid arthritis Lupus |
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this refers to the disease states in the respiratry system brought about by the inhalatio of gasses, vaoprs, liquid droplets and particulates
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pulmunotoxicity
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Inhalational toxicants may effect what three areas?
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nasopharyngeal
thracheobronchial alveolar |
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how small must a particulate be to go into the depp lung
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0.5 microns
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The respiratory lining is not highly susceptible to toxic substances (t/f)
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false it IS highly susceptible
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what two factors dimish the barrier quality of the repiratory epithelium
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*Eptheilial cells are not always statified
*Epithelial cells are not keratinized |
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what type of epithelium is present in pharynx?
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stratified squamous
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what type of epithelium os present in tracheobronchial region?
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cilliated columnar
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Varied pulmunotoxicities are a reflection of the charactersitic assemblage of more than 40 different cell types present in the repiratory system (T/F)
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True
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An inflamatory response in the lungs leads to what two things?
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*Contraction of the smooth musculature
*Adema |
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Contraction of the smooth musculature and adema are two conditions that together reduce what?
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The cross sectional area of the air passageway in the lungs which in turn reduces the flow of air.
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Some pulmunotoxicants target specific cells (T/F)
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true
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Clara cells are located in the region of the________.
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terminal bronchioles
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Pulmunotoxicity sometimes reflects the damage to specific cell populations which leads to which two things that decrease pulmonary function
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*impairment of the mucocilliary escalator
*necrosis |
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Narrowing of the air passageways in response to stimuli including allernes, infections, exercise and drugs is called
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Asthma
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Occupational asthma develops when on contact with the substance the smooth muscles surrounding the _______ contract reducing their cross-sectional area which restricts the flow of air
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bronchioles
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Diffuse alveolar dammage(DAD) is clinically known as
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adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)
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This results when the cells lining the alveoli and alveolar capilaries allow protein rich fluid to leak into the tiny spaces betwen the capillary and alveolus.
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ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome
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cells lining the alveoli are called
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pneumocytes
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cells lining the alveolar capillaries are
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endothelial cells
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Protein rich fluid leaking into the spaces between the capillary and the alveolus leads to which three things
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*destruction of type 1 pneumocytes
*inflammatory responses *pulmonary fibrosis |
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pulmunotoxicity resulting from the inhalation of dust is called
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pneumoconiosis
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in upon inhalation of duat, the particulate matter enter the alveoli, they may stimulate the formation of________
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pulmonary fibrosis
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What is the most common type of cancer in the US
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Lung Cancer
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Carcinogens are directly linked to lung cancer (T/F)
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false; they are causally linked to lung cancer
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Type 1 is the immediate hypersensitivity reaction mediateed by what class of antibodies?
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IgE
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IgE is a cytophilic antibody exhibiting a high affinity for the membranes of _______ cells which are normally present in the airway mucosa
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mast
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Binding of anitgen to antibody on mast cell membrane initiates what?
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expcytosis of mast cell granules
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Histamine and the release of other active mediators causes what?
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vasodilation
increased vascular permeability tissue edema discharge of copious amounts of mucos secretions contraction of smooth muscle of airway |
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Type 1 reaction ususally occur within minutes (T/F)
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true
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Hay fever is an example of a type 1 reaction (T/F)
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true
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Antigens in a type one reaction ususally include pollens, organic dusts, or animal hairs.
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true
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Asthma caused by inhaled external antigens is called
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extrinsic asthma
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extrinsic asthma is usually triggered by
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exogenous environmental agents
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extrinisc asthma does not necessarily occur more often in people based on ocupation (t/f)
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false, ocupationally related
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what is suberosis?
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bronchiol asthma and allergic alveolitis caused by cork dust
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Intrinsic astma attacks are propogated by factors like
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exercise, infection, emotional stress
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intrinsic asthma can be conssidered within the scope of environmental disease (t/f)
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true
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Type 2 immune reactions are autoimmune reactions(t/f)
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true
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Environmental agents have been implicated in type 2 reactions (t/f)
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false
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