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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is real movement?
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Movement that is actually occurring.
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What is apparent movement?
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When there is no real movement between the stimuli.
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What is induced movement?
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An illusion that occurs when movement of one object induces movement of another.
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What are movement aftereffects?
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When after viewing a moving stimulus for 30 to 60 seconds you then see something and thing it is moving in the opposite direction when it is stationary.
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What is the waterfall illusion?
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An example of movement aftereffects where the water appears to be moving upwards.
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What is motion agnosia?
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When someone can't perceive movement.
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What is the kenetic depth effect?
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Movement of an objects 2d shadow that changes the perception of the object into a 3d object.
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What is structure-from-motion?
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It is how movement can create perceptual structures.
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When is there local disturbance in the optic array?
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When an object moves relative to the environment covering and uncovering the stationary background.
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What is global optic flow?
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The overall movement of the optic array.
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What is the corollary discharge theory?
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That movement perception depends on three types of signals.
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What is the motor signal? (MS)
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It is a signal that is sent to the eye muscles when the controller wants to move his eyes.
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What is the corollary discharge signal? (CDS)
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A copy of the motor signal.
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What is the image movement signal? (IMS)
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A signal that occurs when an images stimulates the receptors as it crosses the retina.
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What is a comparator?
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A thing that receives inputs from neurons that carry the signals. (In the corollary discharge theory)
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What is the aperture problem?
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It occurs when observations of a small portion of a larger stimulus results in misleading information about the direction of movement.
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What is coherence?
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The degree to which the dots move in the same direction. (In a moving dot stimulus)
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What is a real-movement neuron?
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A neuron that only responds when the stimulus moves and not when the retina moves.
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What can micro stimulation do?
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Alter movement perception.
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What is biological motion?
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It is motion of another loving organism or person.
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What is a point-light walker?
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A biological motion stimulus created by placing lights on a person.
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What is the occlusion heuristic?
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It states that when one object covers another object that the covered object continues to exist.
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What is the shortest path constraint?
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Apparent movement appears to be between the shortest path between two stimuli.
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What is implied motion?
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A picture that depicts an action that implies motion.
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What is representational momentum?
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Action that continues in our mind between two images.
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What is the basis of movement for films?
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It is apparent motion.
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What was the function of perceiving movement originally?
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Hunting via movement of prey.
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What is the kinetic depth effect an example of?
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It is an example of structure from motion.
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What is the behavioral approach (Gibson) of movement perception?
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Information is directly available in the environment for perception.
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What is the optic array?
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It is structure created by surfaces, textures and contours.
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What is the Global Optic Flow?
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The overall movement of the optic array. Indicates the movement of the viewer instead of the environment.
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When is movement not perceived?
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When it receives input from both the corollary discharge and the image movement signals at the same time.
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What are four ways corollary discharge can cause the perception of movement when there is no movement on the retina?
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1. Moving eyes while viewing an afterimage in the dark.
2. Pushing on eyeball when viewing a spot 3. Moving eyes to follow a target 4. Paralyzing eye muscles and trying to move eyes |
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What do complex cortical cells preferentially respond to?
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An oriented bar moving in a specific direction.
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What is the solution to the aperture problem?
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Responses of a number of V1 neurons are pooled in the medial temporal lobe in the where/action stream.
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What were the findings of Newsome et. all?
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When coherence of dot movement increased so did the action of the MT neurons. Monkeys with lesions in MT couldn't detect motion as well.
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Where is biological motion processed?
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In the superior temporal sulcis.
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What is the physical definition of sound?
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Pressure.
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What is the perceptual definition of sound?
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The experience.
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What is a sound wave?
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A pattern of air pressure change.
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What is the speed of sound in air?
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340mps.
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What is the speed of sound in water?
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1500mps.
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What is hearing?
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The experience caused by sound waves.
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What is a pure tone?
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A tone where the pressure changes occur in a way that can be described by a function.
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What is amplitude?
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The size of pressure changes.
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What is frequency?
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The number of times the pressure changes per second.
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What is loudness?
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The magnitude of auditory sensation.
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What is a decibel?
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A unit of sound invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
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What is SPL?
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The sound pressure level which is equal to 20 micropascals.
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What are hertz?
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One cycle per second. A measure of frequency.
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What is pitch?
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The high or low quality of a tone.
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What is tone height?
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The perceptual experience of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in a tone's frequency.
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What is tone chroma?
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The similarity that is shared between notes of the same letter.
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What is an octave?
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An octave is the interval between the same letters in music.
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What does the audibility curve indicate?
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It indicates how sensitivity to sound changes across the range of hearing.
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What is the auditory response area?
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The area in the audibility curve that we can hear.
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What is the equal loudness curve?
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The relationship between loudness and frequency.
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What is timbre?
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When two sounds sound different although they have the same loudness, pitch and duration.
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What is additive synthesis?
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Producing complex sounds by adding simple components.
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What is the fundamental frequency?
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A single pure tone. The first harmonics of a complex tone.
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What are harmonics?
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Single pure tones that create complex tones when added together.
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What does the frequency spectrum do?
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It lines up the harmonics of a complex tone.
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What is attack?
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The build up of a sound to begin a tone.
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What is decay?
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The decrease in sound at the end of a tone.
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What are pinnae?
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The structures that stick out of our heads.
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What is the outer ear made up of?
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The Pinna and the auditory canal.
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What is the auditory canal?
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A tube like structure about 3 centimeters long that protects the middle ear.
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What is the tympanic membrane?
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The eardrum at the end of the canal which is kept at a constant temperature.
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What is the resonant frequency of the canal?
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The frequency most reinforced by resonance.
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What is resonance?
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It occurs when the sound waves from one end of the auditory canal are reflected and interact with the entering sound.
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What is the middle ear?
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A cavity that is 2cm squared and contains the ossicles?
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What are the ossicles?
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The three smallest bones in the body. The malleus (hammer) The incus (anvil) The staples (stirrup).
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What is the inner ear made up of?
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The liquid filled cochlea.
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What is the cochlea?
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A bony/snail-like structure.
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What is the upper half of the cochlea called?
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The scala vestibuli.
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What is the lower half of the cochlea called?
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The scala tympani.
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Where is the base of the cochlea?
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Near the staples.
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Where is the apex of the cochlea?
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At the far end.
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What does the cochlear partition contain?
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The organ of corti.
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What are hair cells?
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They are receptors for hearing.
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What are the cilia?
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The protrude from the top of the hair cells. This is where sound produces electrical signals.
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What is the tectoral membrane?
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The membrane that extends over the hair cells.
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What is the basilar membrane?
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The membrane that supports the organ of corti and vibrates in response to the sound theory of hearing.
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What is Bekesy's place theory of hearing?
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The frequency of a sound is indicated by the place along the organ of Corti at which nerve firing is highest.
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What is a traveling wave?
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The motion of a snapping rope.
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What does the envelope of the traveling wave indicate?
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The maximum displacement that the wave causes at each point along the membrane.
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What is the tonotopic map?
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An orderly map of the frequencies along the length of the cochlea.
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What is the frequency tuning curve?
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It is determined by presenting pure tones of different frequencies and measuring how many decibels are needed to make neurons fire.
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What is characteristic frequency?
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The frequency to which a neuron is most sensitive.
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What is auditory masking?
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When one tone masks or decreases perception of another.
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What is a motile response?
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Outer hair cell movement. A slight tilting/change of length.
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What is a psychophysical tuning curve?
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It indicates the intensity of masking tones that cause low intensity pure tones to become barely detectable.
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What is Fourier's analysis?
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IT is based on his insights that a complex wave form can be broken down into sine-wave components
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What is phase locking?
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When neurons always fire at the same point/phase of a sound stimulus.
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What are subcortical structures?
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Structures beneath the cortex.
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What is the sequence of hearing subcortically?
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Superior olivary nucleus. Inferior colliculus. Medial geniculate nucleus.
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Where is A1?
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In the temporal lobe.
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What is the core area?
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A1 and the surrounding areas.
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What is the belt area?
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The area surrounding the core area.
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What is the parabelt area?
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The area surrounding the belt area.
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What type of processing is hearing an example of?
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Hierarchical.
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What is the effect of the missing fundamental?
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The removing of the fundamental frequency and other lower harmonics from a musical tone does not change its pitch.
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What is periodicity pitch?
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The pitch in tones that have had harmonics removed.
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What is the central pitch processor?
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The central mechanism that analyzes the pattern of harmonics and selects the fundamental frequency most likely to have been part of that pattern. (In the cortex)
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What are the components of a cochlear implant?
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Microphone. Sound Processor. Transmitter. Receiver.
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What is the motion of air like in a closed room?
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Random.
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What is the molecular composition of air?
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78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Other.
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How are sounds created?
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Through the vibration of objects.
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How much faster does sound travel in water than in air?
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Four times faster.
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What is amplitude?
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Intensity. The difference between the highest and lowest pressure areas.
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What is the human hearing range in Hz?
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20 - 20,000 Hz
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Tones sound almost equal at what loudness?
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80 Db.
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High and low frequencies sound softer at what range?
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40 Db.
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What do the staples fit into?
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The oval window of the cochlea.
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How do the ossicles amplify sound?
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The joints between bones act like levers and increase the force by 33% and the transition from the large to small surface area amplifies the sound 18x.
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What muscles help limit movement of the ossicles during prolonged noise?
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Tensor tympani for the malleus. The stapedius for the staples. (1/2 second delay) Also tense during swallowing.
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What takes place at the hair cells?
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Transduction.
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What are the two ways nerve fibers signal frequency?
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Which ones fires and what rate they are firing at.
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What are difference between the base of the membrane and the apex?
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It is 3 to 4 times narrower than the apex and 100 times stiffer.
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What does the apex respond best to?
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High frequencies.
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What does the base respond best to?
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Low frequencies.
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What is the cochlea considered?
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A frequency analyzer.
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Where is the superior olivary nucleus?
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In the brain stem.
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Where is the inferior colliculus?
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In the mid brain.
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Where is the medial geniculate nucleus?
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In the thalamus.
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What do the belt and parabelt respond to?
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More complex frequencies.
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What is responsible for identifying sounds?
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The ventral stream which starts in the anterior portion of the core and belt.
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What is responsible for locating sounds?
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The dorsal stream which starts in the posterior portion of the core and belt
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In the A1 where are neurons that respond better to low and high frequencies?
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Those that respond best to low frequencies are on the left and those that respond best to high frequencies are on the right.
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What is auditory space?
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The space that extends around your head existing wherever there is a sound.
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What is auditory localization?
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Locating objects in space based on their sound.
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What is the azimuth coordinate?
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The plane that extends from left to right in auditory space.
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What is the elevation coordinate?
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The plane that extends up and down in auditory space.
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What is the distance coordinate?
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It determines how far the sound is from the listener in auditory space.
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What are location cues?
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Cues created by the way sound interacts the the listeners ears.
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What are binaural cues?
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Cues based on sounds reaching the left and right ears. (Interaural Time Difference and Interaural Intensity Difference)
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What is Interaural Time Difference?
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The difference between the times sound reaches the left and right ears.
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What is the Interaural Level Difference?
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The difference between the sound pressure of each ear.
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What is the acoustic shadow?
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It occurs when sound waves are interrupted by the head and causes the intensity to decrease.
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What is head-related transfer function?
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When the head and pinnae decrease the intensity of some frequencies and increase others.
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What is a spectral cue?
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A cue where information for location is provided by the spectrum of frequencies. (HRTF is an example of this)
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What is free-field presentation?
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Presenting sounds at various positions around a listeners head.
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What is headphone presentation?
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Presenting sounds through headphones.
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What is internalization?
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Perceiving sound inside of your head.
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What is externalization?
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The elimination of internalization.
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How is externalization done?
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By measuring the HRTF and putting them into a computer and then delivering the processed sound through headphones. (Virtual Auditory Space)
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What is a topographic map?
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A pamp that contains points in a neural structure that correspond to locations in space.
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What is the receptive field for sound location?
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The area of reception that is associated with each neuron.
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What are panoramic neurons?
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Cortical neurons that signal location by their pattern of firing.
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What is the auditory scene?
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The array of sound sources in the environment.
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What is auditory scene analysis?
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The process by which you separate stimuli produced by each of the sources.
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What are the principles of auditory grouping?
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Location, Similarity in Timbre/Pitch, Good Continuation, Proximity in Time, Experience.
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What is a melody schema?
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It is a representation of a familiar melody that is stored in a persons memory.
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What is direct sound?
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The sound reaching your ears in a straight path.
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What is indirect sound?
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Sound that is reaching your ears later than the direct sound. Along less direct paths.
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What is fusion?
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The perception of two sounds as one.
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What is the precedence effect?
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At delays between 1-5 milliseconds, the sound appears to become from the direct source alone.
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What is the echo threshold?
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The two separate sounds heard when the interval between the indirect and the direct sounds is greater than 5 milliseconds.
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What are architectural acoustics?
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The study of how sounds are reflected in rooms.
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What is reverberation time?
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The time it takes for a sound to decrease to 1/1000th of its original pressure.
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What is the intimacy time?
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The time between when the sound arrives directly and when the first indirect reflection arrives.
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