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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Formed Elements |
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Plasma Serum Plasma Proteins |
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Erythrocytes |
Red blood cell without a neclues Contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to from the tissues |
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Leukocytes |
Colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids Counteract foreign substances and disease. White blood cells. |
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Granulocyte vs. Agranulocyte |
Granulocytes: Nurtrophil Eosiniphil Basophil
Agranulocyte: Monocyte Lympocyte
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Granulocyte |
White blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm |
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Agranulocyte |
White blood cells with one-lobed nucleus Absence of granules |
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Nurtrophil |
Produced in bone marrow First type of immune cell to respond and arrive at site of infection |
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Monocyte |
Large Phagocytic white blood cell with simple oval nucleus and clear, grayish cytoplasm Biggest type of white blood cell |
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Eosiniphil |
Bilobed nucleus and granulated cytoplasm containing enzymes and proteins Specialize in allergies also inflamed areas
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Basophil |
.5% of the total number of white blood cells. Contain histamine and heparin (blood thinners) Non-specific |
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Lymphocyte |
Single round nucleus Found in lymphs |
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What is Leukocytopenia |
Decreased production of Leukocytes |
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Thrombocytes |
Aka: Platelets Fragments of cytoplasm which are derived from the megakaryocytes of bone marrow, then enter the circulation |
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Plasma |
90% water Ions Organic Moluecules, Gasees
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Serum |
Lacks clotting stuff |
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Plasma Proteins |
Maintain blood's osmotic pressure Albumin Globulins |
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Oncotic Pressure / Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
Form of osmotic pressure exerted blood plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system |
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Albumin |
Smallest and most abundant of plasma proteins Serves as a carrier for fatty acids and other hydrophobic substances Maintains oncotic pressure of plasma and prevents edema |
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Globulins |
2.5% of Plasma by weight
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Classes of Globulins |
Alpha Beta Gamma |
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Alpha and Beta Classes |
Transporters Clotting factors Precursor proteins Synthesized in liver |
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Gamma Classes |
Protect the body against infection Sythezied in lymphocytes |
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Fibrinogen |
.3 of plasma by weight Plays a role in blood clotting Synthesized in liver |
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Three major steps of hemostasis |
Vascular spasm Platelet Plug Coagulation |
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Vascular Spasm |
Vessles constrict to minimize blood loss Endothelial layer becomes sticky
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Platelet Plug |
Platelet adhesion Platelet secrete thromboxin (encouraging more platelets to come) Platelets don't stick on normal endothelium |
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Coagulation |
Need prothrombin to change fibrinogen to fibrin, to help blood clots hold together |
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Clot Retraction |
Fibrinolysis = Dissolution of clot
Plasminogen to plasmin which breaks fibrin to amino acids |
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Thrombocytopenia purpura |
Definciency of platelets Bleeding from small breaks in capillaries Causes: Irradiation, drugs, idiopathic |
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Chemicals hemoglobin binds with |
Oxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carbaminogemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin |
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Oxyhemoglobin |
Hb combind with O2 Saturated with Oxygen and cherry red in color |
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Deoxyhemoglobin |
Reduced hemoglobin Hb lacing O2 When it loses oxygen it changes to purple/blue |
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Carbaminogemoglobin |
Hb combined with CO2 There is no competition between O2 and CO2 as they bind on different locations of hemoglobin |
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Carboxyhemoglobin |
Hb combined CO CO competes with O2 for binding site CO has 200X the affinity of O which is what makes it dangerous |
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Anemia |
Any condition that results in decreased oxygen carring capacity of blood Decreased RBC Decreased hemoglobin Pernicious Anemia |
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Pernicious Anemia |
Vitamin B12 deficiency |
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ABO blood typing systems |
A anitgens - B antibodies B antigens - B antibodies AB antigens- Neither antibodies O antigens- Both antibodies |
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Universal donor |
O- (nothing for antigens to detect) |
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Universal Recipient |
AB+ (plasma has no antibodies) |
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Rh antibodies |
Rh negative blood has no Rh antigens on red cells Plasma has Rh antibodies only if the person has been prebiously exposed to Rh antigens A slow increase in plasma Rh antibodies occurs after first exposure. More rapid after second exposure |
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
Rh negative Mother Rh Positive fetus More severe for 2nd child Treatment of Rg to mother to minimize future Rh problems Inject RhoGam (anti-Rh antibodies) into mother within 72 hours of delivery |
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Normal range of blood hematocrit |
Hematocrit = % of blood that is RBS Men about 45% Women 42% Ph of blood about 7.4 Hematocrit is high if dehydrated or polycythemia |
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Organ that removes worn out RBCs |
Spleen |
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White Blood Cells Classification |
Neutrophils Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes |
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Neutrophils |
Highly mobile phagocytes that engulf and destroy unwanted materials |
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Monocytes |
Defense against chronic infections Become macrophages in tissues |
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Eosinophils |
Secrete chemicals that fight parasites Involved in allergic reactions |
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Basophils |
Allergic reaction Secret histamine |
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Lymphocyte |
T cells B cells |
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Active immunity |
Individual produces antibodies |
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Passive Immunity |
Individual given antibodies Mother to child Serum of antibodies |
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Autoimmunity |
Loss of tolerance to self-antigens Naturally acquired get disease and make antibodies Artificially acquired Vaccine Given inactive form, body still produces antibodies |
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Innate (nonspecific) resistance |
Immediate, general protection Skin Secretions Flushing mechanisms Phagocytes NK cells Inflammation Fever Interferons Complement System |
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Acquired (specific) resistance |
Cell-mediated or Humoral Takes time and exposure to develop 3 important characteristics Recognizes and targets specific foreign pathogens, substances, and molecules Has memory that it can store info about past exposures Protects entire body Humoral immune response Cellular immune response |
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Humoral immune response |
Antibody mediated (mark it for someone else to kill) B Cells Memory cells (store infor for next exposure) Plasma cells that secrete antbodies (circulate in lymph and blood) |
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Cellular immune response |
Cell mediated T cells Kill infected cells Figure |
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Inflamatory response |
Innate Response Redness, swelling, pain, heat dialation Isolates kills inactive invading phagocytes Removes debris from tissue Prepare for repair of damaged tissue Chemical Messengers Histamine activated to call for more phagocytes |
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Benefits of fever |
Intensifies effects of interneurons Inhibits some microbial growth Speeds up repair |
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Antibodies |
Made by plasma cells Antibodies Circulatie in lymph and blood work best against marking bacteria and viruses Mark antigenic cells for destruction Cause agglutination |
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Body distinguishing self from nonself |
Major histocompatibility complex proteins, the body's self marker Established prior to birth Any molecule that is not recognized as self become capable of provoking an immune response |
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Differences between antibody and cell-mediated immunity |
Gaseous exchange |
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Functions of the respiratory system |
Gaseous exchange Sound production Assistance in abdominal compression during micturition (urination), defecation and childbirth Coughin and sneezing Route for water and heat loss Activation and deactivation of messenger molecules Regulation of Ph |
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Cell types present in alveoli |
Alveolar Type 1 Forms the wall of alveolus Alveolar Type 2 Secret surfactant Increases surface tension Alveolar Macrophages Dust cells Remove dust particles and other debris |
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Skeletal muscles in respiration |
Inhalation (quiet) Diaphragm contracts External intercostals contract Ribs upward and outward Thoracic cavity has expanded Exhalation (quiet) Diaphragm and external inercostals relax Elastic tissues stretched during inhalation recoil Thracic cavity volume decreases as rib cage moves down and in |
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Why do inspiration and expiration occur during normal quiet breathing? |
Ventilation occurs because of differences in air pressure Inhalation takes place when pressure inside the lungs is less than atmospheric air pressure Exhalation takes places when pressure inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric air pressure Changes in volume create differences in pressure |
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Calculate Respiratory rate |
MRV=air moved into and out of air passageways and lungs each minute MRV=tidal volume X respiratory rate 500ml X 12/min = 6000ml/min Be able to work this equation forward and backward Measured in ml/min |
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Pressure exerted by that gas alone if all other gases were removed |
20% O 80% N Total P=760 mm Hg Multiple percentage by total pressure pO2=.2X760 mm Hg = 156 mm Hg pN2 = .8% X 760 mm Hg = 608 mm Hg |
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PO2 |
Saturation =% of binding sites of hemoglobin that have bound O2 |
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Affectors of saturation |
Partial Pressure of Oxygen PO2 determines how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin Elevated CO2, H+, and temperature causes Hb to give up oxygen to tissues |
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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are transported in blood |
Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin in blood Carbon Dioxide transport Dissolved in plasma: about 10% Bicarbonate: about 60% CO2 + H2O <>H2CO3<>H++HCO3- Carbaminohemoglobin CO2+Hb<>Hb-CO2 CO2 is more soluble |
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Role of circulatory system in respiration |
Circulatory system carries oxygen to the periphery Need both respiration and circulation |
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Region of the brain provides neural output to the respiratory muscles |
Medulla Oblongata |
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Where chemoreceptors responsive to changes in blood CO2, O2, and H+ are located |
CO2, H+, low O2 stimulate chemoreceptors Located in carotid and aortic bodies |
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Boyle's law |
As volume decreases, pressure increases P1V1 = P2V2 |
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Functions of the Kidneys |
Maintain blood volume Maintain osmotic balance Maintain Proper acid base balance Maintain Excretes metabolic wastes |
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Functional unit of kidney |
Nephron |
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Filtration |
From blood to lumen, at glomerulous |
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Reabsoroption |
From lumen to blood. Loop of Henle |
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Secretion |
Blood to lumen. After glomerulous. Proximal tubule and distal tubule |
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Excretion |
lumen to external environment. In collecting duct |
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Glomerular Filtrate |
The portion of the blood plasma that enters the glomerular capsule Contains water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, urea, hormones, and vitamins |
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Tubular reabsorption |
Substance from tubules to blood Tubules have high reabsorbative capacity for substances needed by the body Little or no reabsortive capacity for substances of no value Active or passive transport Transepithelial transport Going through the cells |
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Tubular secretion |
Active transport from per-tubular capillaries into kidney tubules-excretion into urine Substance from blood to tubule Passive or active transport Transepithelial transport Important in eliminating waste products Excretion=filtration-reabsorption+secretion |
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Structure of the glomerulus |
Glomerulus Network of about 50 capillaries Endothelial lining has circular fenestrations Diameter of 50-100mm Makes glomerulus 100-1000 times more permeable than normal capillaries Plasma proteins, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are too large to be filtered |
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Bowman's Capsule |
Double walled hollow structure composed of squamous epithelium Innerlayer composed of podocytes that are closely associated with glomerula cappillaries Filtration not going through podocytes Podocytes just blocking fenestration Podocytes are a physical barrier |
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Substances reabsorbed by the nephron |
Sodium Glucose Amino Acids H2O Proximal convoluted tubule is where most reabsortion |
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Sodium Reabsorption |
99.5% reabsorbed 67% in proximal convoluted 25% in loop of henle 8% in distal convoluted tubule |
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Glucose Reabsorption |
100% reabsorbed, glucose isn't normally excreted or found in the urine Proximal convoluted tubule |
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Amino Acids |
Proximal convoluted tubule |
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H2O |
ADH regulates the rabsorption Distal convoluted tubule Collecting Duct |
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Proximal convoluted tubule |
Most reabsporption |
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Why is glucose not normally found in urine |
100% of glucose is normally reabsorbed, if not, diabetes |
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What is Tm |
Transport maximum Once reached, will be excreted Concentration of transported molecules needed to saturate the carriers and achieve the maximal transport rate Glucose above the Tm value will not be reabsorbed and will appear in the urine |
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ADH |
Low levels of ADH, the distal tubules and collecting ducts (where water is absorbed) are impermeable to water, and despite the high osmotic gradient is pulled into the medulla Therefore the urine remains very dilute 100 mosm/L High levels of ADH cause distal tubules and collecting duct to become highly permeable to water, which is pulled by the high osmotic gradient into the interstitium Urine becomes more concentrated Dehydration = increases osmolarity and increases ADH Effect of drinking one 2 liter bottle of fluid on urine volume = decrease in osmolarity and decrease in ADH |
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Plasma Clearance |
PC>GFR (Secretion happened) (glucose) PC PC=GFR (neither secretion or reabsorption) (insulin) Measure the rate a substance is cleared from plasma buy the kidney It is expressed as the volume of plasma completely cleared of the substance/minute # of ml plasma of substance/min |
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How does the kidney process insulin |
Filtered Neither reabsorbed nor secreted Clearance rate=filtered rate |
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Bladder |
Temporary storage site for urine Wall is stretched by urine, stimulates stretch receptors that initiate micturition reflex Contraction stimulated by parasympathetic nerves Can be prevented from emptying by signals from vertebral cortex |
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Variation in water content in different individuals |
Role of adipose tissue Less water content Less blood vessels Water content increases with a decrease in adipose tissue Water content decreases with an increase in adipose tissue |
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Fluid compatments of the body |
Total fluid 60% of body weight Intracellular compartment: 40% Extracellular compartment: 20% Plasma Interstitial fluid |
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What happens to ECF and ICF if you add pure water |
Enters into ECF ECF osmolarity decreases H2O diffuse into ICF ICF osmolarity decrease as well |
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What happens to ECF and ICF if you Lose pure water |
Exits into ECF ECF osmolarity increases H2O diffuse out of ICF ICF osmolarity increases as well |
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Why ECF volume is so closely regulated |
ECF is regulated because it's so essential for regulating blood pressure |
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How ECF is regulated |
Renin - up secretion GFR-decreases Aldosterone-up secretion Sodium-retain sodium to retain water Excess ADH would cause hypotonicity |
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Isotonic |
Equal |
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Hypotonic |
too much ADH. Swelling and bursting |
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Hypertonic |
too little ADH. Shrinking |
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Respiratory Acidosis |
result of abnormal CO2 retention arising from hypoventilation |
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Respiratory Alkalosis |
primarily due to excessive loss of CO2 from body as a result of hyperventilation |
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Metabolic acidosis |
Includes all types of acidosis other than those caused by excess CO2 in fluids Causes: severe diarrhea and diabetes mellitus |
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Metabolic Alkalosis |
Increase in plasma pH caused by relative deficiency of noncarbonic acids compensation: ventilation is reduced causes: vomiting (losing H+ stomach acid) |
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Function of GI tract |
Transfer nutrients water, and electrolytes from external environment to internal environment |
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Precess of GI tract |
Motility, digestion, absorption, secretion, elimination |
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Peristalsis |
Moving ring-like contractions Occurs in areas of tract where smooth muscle present Propulsion of ingesta forward |
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Segmentation |
Mixing of ingesta with digestive secretions Small intestine Promote digestion, facilitate absorption |
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Fats |
Digested by the enzymes released from the pancreas Emulsified by bile Large fate droplets are reduced to smaller fate droplets through emulsification Bile is stored and released from the gallbladder Bile is produced in the liver Pancreatic lipase breaks down triacyglycerol to fatty acids |
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Proteins |
Digestion begins in the stomach Pepsins are the protein digestion enzymes Break proteins into olgopeptides Pepsinogen to pepsin (by HCl) breaks down Proteins |
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Carbs |
Digestion begins in the mouth Amylase (from saliva) begins chemical digestionby breaking down starch Stach to Maltose by Amylase Polysaccharides are broken down into disaccharides and eventually monosaccharides |
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Functions of liver |
Bile formation and excretion of bilirubin Storage of iron and copper from the breakdown of erythrocytes Storage of glucose by converting it to glycogen Sythesis storage and release of ciatmins Synthesis storage and release of ciatmins Phagocytosis of Foreign material in blood Detoxification of substances such as drugs and alcohol Plasma protein sythesis Partial activation of vitamin D Removal of bacteria and old RBC |
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Enzymes |
break down substances |
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Bile |
Liver an gall bladder Emulsifies fat |
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Buffers |
Neutralizes stomach acid Enters small intestine after flood so acid doesn't hurt |
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Mucous |
lubricate Salivary glands Esophagus Stomach Large intestines |
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Structures that control passage of ingested food |
Cardiac Esophagus to stomach Pyloric Stomach to small intestine Ileocecal Small intestine to large intestine |
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Gastric refulx |
Backward flow of stomach acid contents into the esophagus Also known as heartburn Causes: Achalasia-cardiac sphincter does not open correctly Symptoms: Dysphagia, substernal pain, food in esophagus Esophageal tumor Carcinoma of esophagus 2% of all cancer deaths |
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Where Absorption takes place |
Stomach Alcohol Water Asprin Small Intestine 90% of all absorption Large Intestine/Colon Absorption of salt and water converts contents into fecal matter Colon Reduce the volume of chime Colonic bacteria digest cellulose No digestive enzymes secreted Haustral contractions |
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Sources and relative amounts of fluids that enter into and leave the digestive tract |
9000 ml of fluid is absorbed from digestive daily Majority of this fluid comes from secretions from the alimentary canal and accessory organs |
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Common passageway for the respiratory system and digestive system |
The Pahrynx |
