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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anastomosis
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Surgical connection between blood vesels or the joining of one hollow or tubular organ to another.
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Aneurysm
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Sac formed by a local widening of the wall of an artery usually caused by injury or disease.
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angina pectoris
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Chest pain that occurs when diseased blood vessels restrict blood flow to the heart. It is often referred to as angina. (Path spotlight; 267-270)
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Angiocardiography (ACG)
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Process of recording the heard and vessels after an intravenous injection of a radiopaque contrast midum
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angiogram
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X-ray record of the size,shape and location of the heart and its blood vessels after the introduction of an radiopaque contrast medium.
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angioma
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Tumor of a blood vessel
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angioplasty
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Surgical repair of a blood vessel or a nonsurgical technique for treating diseased arteries by temporarily inflating a tiny balloon inside an artery
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angiostenosis
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Condition of the narrowing of a blood vessel
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arrhythmia
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Condition in which there is a lack of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia
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arterial
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Pertaining to an artery
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arteriosclerosis
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condition of hardening of arteries
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arteritis
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Inflammation of an artery
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Artifical pacemaker
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Electronic device that stimulates impulse initation within the heart. It is a small battery-operated device that helps the heart beat in regular rhythm.
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Atheroma
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Tumor of an artery containing a fatty substance.
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atherosclerosis
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Condition of the arteries characterized by the buildup of fatty substances (cholesterol deposit and triglycerides) and hardening of the walls. (Coronary Heart Diseases p267)
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atrioventricular (AV)
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Pertaining to the atrium and the ventricle
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auscultation
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Method of physical assessment using a stethoscope to listen to sounds within the chest, abdomen, and other parts of the body.
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AED (automated external defibrillator)
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Portable automatic device used to restore normal heart rhythm to patients in cardiac arrest.
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bicuspid
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Having to points or cusps pertaining to the mitral valve
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cuspid
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point
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bradycardia
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Condition of abnormally slow heartbeat that is less than 60 beats per minute
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bruit
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noise; a sound of venous or arterial origin heard on auscultation
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cardiology
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study of the heart
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cardiomegaly
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Enlargement of the heart
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cardiometer
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Instrument used to measure the action of the heart
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cardiomyopathy (CMP)
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Disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability. It can be caused by viral infection, a parasitic infection, or overcomsumption of alcohol.
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cardiopulmonary
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Pertaining to heart and lungs
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cardiotonic
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Pertaining to increasing the tone of the heart; IS A TYPE OF MEDICATION
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cardiovascular
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pertaining to the heart and small blood vessels
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cardioversion
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Procedure used to treat different types of disruptions in the normal heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmias). An electrical shock is delivered to the heart to restore its rhythm to a normal pattern.
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cholesterol
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Waxy, fatlike substance in the bloodstream of all animals. It is believed to be dangerous when it builds up on arterial walls and contributes to the risk of coronary heart disease.
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circulation
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Process of moving the blood in the veins and arteries throughout the body
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claudication
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Process of lameness or limping. It is a dull, cramping pain in the hips, thighs, calves, or buttocks caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, usually due to narrowed arteries. Major sympton of peripheral artery disease.
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constriction
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process of drawing together, as in the narrowing of a vessel
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coronary bypass
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Surgical procedure performed to increase blood flow to the myocardium by using a section of SAPHENOUS vein or internal mammary artery to bypass the obstructed or occluded coronary artery.
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coronary heart disease
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Also referred to as coronary artery disease refers to the narrowing of the coronary arteries sufficient to prevent adequate blood supply to the myocardium.
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cyanosis
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abnormal condition of the skin and mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency in the blood. Skin, fingernails and mucous membranes can appear slightly bluish or grayish.
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defibrillator
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machine that helps restore a normal heart rhythm by delivering an electric shock.
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diastole
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Relaxation phase of the heart cycle during which the heart muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood.
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dysrhythmia
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Abnormal, difficult, or bad rhythm. Also referred to as arrhythmia
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Echocardiography (ECHO)
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Noninvasive ultrasound method for evaluating the heart for valvular or structural defects and coronary artery disease.
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electrocardiograph (ECG, EKG)
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Device used for recording the electrical impulses of the heart muscle.
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electrocardiophonograph
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devise used to record heart sounds.
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embolism
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Condition in which there is an obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or a blood clot.
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endarterectomy
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Surgical excision of the inner portion of an artery
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endocarditis
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Inflammation of the endocardium
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endocardium
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inner lining of the heart
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Extracorporeal circulation (ECC)
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Pertaining to the ciruclation of the blood outside the body via a heart-lung machine or hemodialyzer.
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fibrillation
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Quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibers, an abnormal bioelectric potential occurring in the neuropathies and myopathies.
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flutter
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Condition of the heartbeat in which the contractions become extremely rapid. With atrial flutter, the heartbeat is 200 to 400 beats pers minutes. With ventricular flutter the heartbeast is 250 beats or more per minute.
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HF - heart failure
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Disorder in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently. Left-sided heart failure is commonly called CHF or congestive heart failure. pg 244 for figure 9-11
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hemangioma
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benign tumor of a blood vessel.
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hemodynamic
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Pertaining to the study of the heart's ability to function as a pump; the movement of the blood and its pressure.
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hyperlipidemia
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Excessive amount of fatty substances (lipids) in the blood.
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HTN - hypertension
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High blood pressure (HBP), disease of the arteries posits in arteriescaused by such pressure.
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hypotension
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Low blood pressure
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infarction
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Process of development of an infarct, which is necrosis of tissue resulting from obstruction of blood flow.
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ischemia
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condition in which there is a lack of blood supply to a part of the body caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
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lipoprotein
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Fat (lipid) and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as
VLDL - very low density lipoproteins LDL - low density lipoproteins and HDL - high density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension and atherosclerosis. |
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MS - mitral stenosis
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Condition of narrowing of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
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MVP - mitral valve prolapse
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Condition that occurs when the leaflets of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) between the left atrium and left ventricle bulge into the atrium and permit backflow of blood into the atrium.
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murmur
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Soft blowing or rasping sound heard by auscultation of various parts of the body, especially in the region of the heart
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myocardial
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pertaining to the heart muscle
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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Occurs when an area of heart muscle dies or is permanently damaged becuase of an inadequate supply of oxygen to that area; also known as heart attack
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myocarditis
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inflammation of the heart muscle
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occlusion
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process or state of being closed.
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oximetry
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Process of measuring the oxygen saturation of blood. photoelectric device (oximeter) measure osygen saturation of the blood by recording the amound of light transmitted or reflected by deoxygenated versus oxygenated hemoglobin. NONINVASIVE METHOD OF INDICATING THE ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION OF FUNCTIONAL HEMOGLOBIN
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oxygen
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colorless, odorless, tasetless gas essential to respiration in animals.
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palpitation
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Rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart that is usually perceptible only to the patient.
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PTCA - percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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Use of a balloon-tipped catheter to compress fatty plaques against an artery wall. When successful, the plaques remain compressed, which permits more blood to flow through the artery, thereby relieving the symptoms of heart disease.
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pericardial
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pertaining to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.
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pericardiocentesis
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Surgical puncture of the pericardium to remove fluid from the pericardial sac for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
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pericarditis
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Inflammation of the pericardium. A condition known as cardiac tamponade can result from the pericarditis
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cardiac tamponade
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accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardium decreases ventricular filling and cardiac output, resulting in cardiogenic shock and death if untreated.
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phlebitis
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Inflammation of a vein
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Raynaud's Phenomenon
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Disorder that generally affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes; it is characterized by intermittent attacks that cause the blood vessels in the digits to narrow.
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rheumatic heart disease
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Endocarditis or valvular heart disease that results from complications of acute rheumatic fever
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semilunar
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Valves of the aorta and pulmonary arteries
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shock
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state of disruption of oxygen supply to tissues and a return of blood to the heart. In cardiogenic shock, there is filure to maintain the blood supply to the circulatory system and tissues because of inadequate cardiac output.
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SA - sinoatrial
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pertaining to the sinus venosus and the atrium
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Sphygmomanometer
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Instrument used to measure the arterial blood pressure
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spider veins
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Hemangioma in which numerous telangiectatic vessels radiate from a central point.
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stent
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device made of expandable, metal mesh that is placed (by using a balloon catheter) at the site of a narrowing artery. The stent is then expanded and left in place to keep the artery open.
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systole
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Contractive phase of the heart cycle during which blood is forced into the aorta and the pulmonary artery
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tachycardia
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Abnormally fast heartbeat, over 100 bmp
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telangiectasis
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Vascular lesion formed by dilation of a group of small blood vessels; can appear as a birthmark or be caused by long-term exposure to the sun
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thrombophlebitis
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Inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (blood clot)
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thrombosis
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Condition in which a blood clot is within the vascular system; a STATIONARY blood blot.
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tricuspid
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Having three points; pertaining to the tricuspid valve.
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triglyceride
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Pertaining to a compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acids.
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Valve replacement surgery
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surgical replacement of diseased heart valve with an artifical one. There are two types of artificial valves: Mechanical heart valve - made of artificial materials can usually last a lifetime. Biological heart valves - usually taken from animals or human cadavers and can wear out over time.
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valvuloplasty
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Surgical repair of a valve, especially of a cardiac valve.
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varicose veins
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swollen, distended, and knotted veins (p.s. not pretty) that usuallyoccur in the lower leg(s). Result from stagnated or fluggish flow of blood in combination with defective valves and weakened walls of the veins.
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vasoconstrictive
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Drawing together, as in the narrowing of a blood vessel
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vasodilator
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Nerve or agent that causes dilation of blood vessels
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vasospasm
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contraction of a blood vessel
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venipuncture
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to pierce a vein (yuck!) with a needle for the removal of blood for analysis
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ventricular
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Pertaining to a ventricle. (rocket science right?)
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Dititalis drugs
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Strengthen the heart muscle, increase the force and velocity of myocardial systolic contraction, slow the heart rate, and decrease conduction velocity through the AV node. Used in treatment of CHF, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. DIGITALIS CAN CAUSE TOXICITY. s/s of toxicity: anorexia, nausea, vomiting and arrhythmias. Ex. Digitoxin, Digoxin
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Antiarrhythmic agents
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Used in treatment of arrhythmias. (propranolol HCL)
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Vasopressors
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Cause contraction of the muscles associated with capillaries and arteries, thereby narrowing the space that blood circulates through. The narrowing results in an elevation of bp. Useful in treatment of patients in shock. (like nursing students who see the amount of material on each test!!)
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Vasodilators
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Cause relaxation of blood vessels and lower bp, Coronary vasodilators are used for treatment of angina pectoris. (Nitroglycerin, peritrate)
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antihypertensive agents
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Used in treatment of hypertension. (Lopressor (metoprolol tartrate)
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Antihyperlipidemic agents
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used to lower abnormally high blood levels of fatty substances (lipids) when other treatment regimens fail. Crestor, Zocor, Lipitor, Niacin
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Antiplatelet drugs
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Help reduce the occurrence of and death from vascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. Aspirin is considered to be the reference standart antiplatelet drug and is recommended by the American Heart Association for use in patients with a wide range of cardiovascular disease. Aspirin helps keep platelets from sticking together. Plavix works for those Aspirin isn't strong enough for.
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Thrombolytic agents
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Act to dissolve an existing thrombus when administered toon after its occurrence. They are often referred to as tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) and reduce the chance of dying after a myocardial infarction by 50% Unless contraindicatd the drug should be administere within 6 hours of the onset of chest pain. Bleeding is the most common complication encounted during thrombolytic therapy. Ex Activase (altelase)
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Diagnostic tests -
Angiography |
xray recording of a blood vessel after the injection of a radiopaque substance. used to determine condition of blood vessels, organ or tissue being studied.
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Erythrocytes
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RBC's, formed elements in blood. Consist of about 45% of the total volume of blood. Together the plasma and formed elements constitute whole blood. Erytrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Approximatly 5 million per cubic millimeter of blood (a bit crowded in there). Life span of 80-120 days and are formed in the red bone marrow.
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Thrombocytes
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Platelets. They clot blood! 200,000-500,000 per cubic millimeter of blood. They are fragments of Megakaryocytes which are also formed in the red bone marrow. Disc shaped.
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Leukocytes
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WBC's - Provides body's main defense against invasion of pathogens. 8000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood.
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Neutrophil
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Protects against infection; readily attracted to foreign antigens and destroys them by phagocytosis. (eats it up!)
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Eosinophil
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Destroys parasitic organisms; plays a key role in allergic reactions!
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Basophil
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Plays a key role in releasiing histamine and other chemicals that act on blood vessels; essential to nonspecific immune response to inflammation
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monocyte
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Provides one of the first lines of defense in the inflammatory process, phagocytosis
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Lymphocyte
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Provides immunie capacity to the body
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B lymphocyte
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Identifies foreign antigens and differentiates into antibody-productin plasma cells
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T lymphocyte
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Plays essential role in the specific immune response of the body.
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plasma
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fluid part of the blood. Clear and straw-colored (umm if they say so?) Makes up 55% of the total volume of blood and is composed of water 91% and chemicals 9%. It is the circulation medium of blood cells provided nutritive substances to various body structures and removing waste products of metabolism from body structures.
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lymph
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a vessel system apart from, but connected to, the circulatory system. It returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodsteam. It conveys lumph from the tissues to the blood. It is clear (no straw coloring here!) coloreless, alkaline fluid that is 95%water.
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spleen
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It is the MAJOR SITE FOR ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION, also serves as a reservoir for blood. Essential role in immune response because it acts as a filter, removing microorganisms from the blood.
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tonsils
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lymphoid masses located in depressions of the mucous membranes of the face and pharynx. The tonsils filter bacteria and aid in the formation of white blood cells.
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Thymus
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considered to be one of the endocrine glands but because of its function and appearance, it is part of the lymph system. Located in the mediastinal cavity, formation of antibodies and development of the immune response in the newborn. It manufactures infection fighting T cells and helps distinguish normal T cells from those that attack the body's own tissue.
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IgG
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crosses placenta to provide passive immunity for th enewborn, coats microorganisms to enhance phagocytosis, activates complement system (a group of proteins in the blood)
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IgM
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Activates complement; is FIRST antibody produced in response to bacterial and viral infections
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IgA
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protects epithelial surfaces; activates complement; is passed to breast-feeding newborn via colostrum. (The clear stuff that comes in before the milk...sorry fellas is part of it) :)
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IgE
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Responds to allergic reactions and some parasitic infections; triggers mast cells to release histamine and other stuff... (Thank God for ANTI-histamines)
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T-Cells
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thymus dependent - provide cellular immunity
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B cells
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bone marrow derived - provide humoral immunity
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NK cells
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Natural killers - (bad asses) attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells.
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agglutination
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process of clumping together, as of blood cells that are incompatible.
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anaphylaxis
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unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to foreign proteins or other substances.
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anemia
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an-lack of
emia - blood condition Literally lack of red blood cells, it is a reduction in the number circulating rbc's, the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit) |
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anisocytosis
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anis - unequal
cyt - cell osis - condition Condition in which the erythrocytes are unequal in size and shape. |
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HIV
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gains entry into helper t cells, uses the cell DNA to replicate, interferes with normal function of the T cells and destroys the normal cells.
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antibody
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protein substance produced in the body in response to an invading foreign substance (antigen)
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anticoagulant
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agent that works against the formation of blood clots
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antigen
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Invading foreign substance that induces the formation of antibodies.
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autoimmune disease
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Body's immune system becomes defective and produces antibodies against itself. Hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis etc. considered to be autoimmune diseases.
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autotransfusion
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Reinfusing a patient's own blood. Harvest blood 1 to 3 weeks before surgery.
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corpuscle
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blood cell
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creatinemia
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excess creatine in the blood
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embolus
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blood clot carried in the bloodstream. Emboli can be solid, liquid or gaseous.
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erythroblas
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immature red blood cell
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erythrocytosis
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abnormal condition in which there is an increase in rbc's
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erythropoiesis
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formation of rbc's
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erythropoietin
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glyco-protein hormone secreted by the kidneys in adults (liver by fetus) acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate the production of rbc's
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extravasation
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extra - beyond
vas(at) - vessel ion - process Process by which fluids and or meds escape into surrounding tissue. |
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fibrin
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insoluble protein converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process
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fibrinogen
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Blood protein converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process
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globulin
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plasma protein found in body fluids and cells
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hematoma
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collection of blood that has escaped from a vessel into surrounding tissues; results from trauma or incomplete hemostasis after surgery.
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hemochromatosis
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Genetic disease, iron not metabolize properly and accumulated in body tissues. The skin has a bronze hue, the liver becomes enlarged, and diabetes and cardiac failure can occur
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hemostasis
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control or stopping of bleeding
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heparin
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Substance found in the liver, lungs and other tissues that inhibits blood clotting (anticoagulant). Clinically used during certain types of surgery and in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary infarction. subq or iv injection
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hypercalcemia
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Excessive amounts of calcium in blood
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hyperglycemia
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Excessive amounts of sugar in the blood.
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hypoxia
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Deficient amount of oxygen in the blood cells and tissues also known as anoxia and hypoxemia
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Immunoglobulin
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blood protein capable of acting as an antibody. The five major types are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
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Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)
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Malignant neoplasm that causes violet colored vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy (diseased lymph nodes) IT IS THE MOST COMMON AIDS RELATED TUMOR
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leukapheresis
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Separation of white blood cells from the blood, which are then transfused back into the patient.
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leukemia
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Disease - Overproduction of leukocytes.
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leukocytopenia
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leuk - white
cyt - cell penia - lack of Lack of white blood cells |
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lymphadenitis
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lymph
aden - gland itis - inflammation Inflammation of lymph glands. |
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lymphadenotomy
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Incision into a lymph gland
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lymphedema
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Abnormal accumulation of lymph in interstitial spaces.
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lymphoma
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Lymphoid neoplasm, usually malignant. Identified as Hodgkins disease or non-Hodgkins.
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lymphangitis
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Inflammation of lymphatic vessels.
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lymphostasis
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control or stopping of the flow of lymph
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macrocyte
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abnormally large erythrocyte
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monocyte
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largest leukocyte, one nucleus
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mononucleosis
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excessive amounts of mononuclear leukocytes in the blood.
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Opportunistic infection
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infection that occurs when the immune system is compromised.
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pancytopenia
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pan-all
cyt/o-cell penia - lack of Lack of the cellular elements of the blood. |
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plasmapheresis
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Removal of blood from the body andn centrifuging it to separate the plasma from the flood and reinfusing the cellular elements back into the patient.
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Pneumocystis carinii
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causes pneumonia
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
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opportunistic infection that is prevalent in AIDS patients; high mortality rate if not treated.
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polycythemia
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too many rbc's
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radioimmunoassay (RIA)
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method of determining concentration of protein-bound hormones in the blood plasma.
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reticulocyte
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Red blood cell containing a network of granules. Last immature stage of rbc's
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retrovirus
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contains reverse transcriptase that allows it to replicate within new host cells. HIV is a retrovirus
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septicemia
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condition in which pathogenic bacteria are present in the blood.
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seroculture
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bacterial culture of blood serum
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splenomegaly
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enlargement of the spleen
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stem cell
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cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to various types of blood cells
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thalassemia thrombin
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Hereditary anemias occurring in populations bordering Mediterranean Sea and in Southeast Asia
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thromectomy
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surgical excision of a blood clot
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thrombocyte
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clotting cell; a blood platelet
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thromboplastin
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essential factor in the production of thrombin and blood clotting
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thrombosis
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Formation, development, or existence of a blood clot (thrombus) within the vascular system. In venous thrombosis it forms on the wall of a vein, accompanied by inflammation and obstructed blood flow. Can form in deep or superficial veins. Generally a complication of hospitalization or surgery and immobilization
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thymoma
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tumor of the thymus
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Deep vein thrombosis common locations
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popliteal vein, posterior tibial vein, peroneal vein. (lower leg)
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DVT extending from the calf to the iliac veins (locations, name the veins)
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Internal iliac, external iliac, common femoral, deep femoral, femoral, popliteal, peroneal.
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Superficial venous thrombosis locations
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Greater saphenous vein. Is the most medial of the three different locations of thrombosis. Other two being dvt at lower leg veins and dvt from calf to iliac veins)
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vasculitis
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inflammation of lymph or blood vessel. p 308
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Anticoagulants
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Used to inhibit or prevent blood clot formation. Hemorrhage can occur at almost any site in patients on anticoagulant therapy. Ex. Coumadin and Lovenox
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