Test 3 - Endocrine System - Histology

Front 1

The ________ system produces hormones that regulate various cells, tissues, and organs.

Back 1

endocrine

Front 2

_______ is a biological substance acting on specific target cells.

Back 2

Hormones

Front 3

What are the three types of hormones?

Back 3

Steroids, Small peptides/polypeptides/proteins, Amino acid and derivatives.

Front 4

_____ are hormones that are cholesterol-derived compounds

Back 4

Steroids

Front 5

The ovaries, testes and adrenal cortex make this type of hormone

Back 5

Steroids

Front 6

T/F Because steroids are lipid-based they pass through the membrane freely.

Back 6

True

Front 7

Small peptides are made by what body structures?

Back 7

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas (islets of langerhans)

Front 8

insulin, glucagon, GH are all examples of what type of hormone?

Back 8

Small peptide, poplypeptide, protein produced in hypothalamus, pituitary thyroid or pancreas.

Front 9

catecholamines are what type of hormone?

Back 9

Amino Acid and derivative

Front 10

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are produced by what and what type of hormone are they?

Back 10

neurons and other specialized cells of the adrenal medulla. - Amino acid derivatives.

Front 11

T/F the hypophysis (pituitary gland) is an extension of the diencephalon.

Back 11

True

Front 12

Where is the pituitary gland found within the skull?

Back 12

sits in the sella turcica, attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

Front 13

What extension of dura mater surrounds the hypophysis

Back 13

diaphragma sellae

Front 14

What is the embryonic origin of the adenohypophysis?

Back 14

Anterior lobe is derived from Rathke's pouch, oral ectoderm.

Front 15

What is the embryonic origin of the neurohypophysis?

Back 15

Posterior lobe is derived from a down growth of the neuroectoderm at the floor of the 3rd ventricle.

Front 16

The adenohypophysis is composed of three regions. Name them.

Back 16

pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia.

Front 17

What region of the adenohypophysis is located near the infundibulum? (wraps around the stalk)

Back 17

pars tuberalis

Front 18

What region of the adenohypophysis is associated with the neurohypophysis>

Back 18

pars intermedia

Front 19

What are the two regions of the neurohypophysis?

Back 19

pars nervosa and infundibulum

Front 20

T/F Pars distalis also means anterior lobe.

Back 20

True

Front 21

The internal carotid arteries and posterior communicating arteries supply the superior ____________ arteries which supply blood to the stalk area of the pituitary.

Back 21

hypophyseal

Front 22

What arteries supply the pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum?

Back 22

superior hypophyseal arteries: from internal carotid arteries and posterior communicating arteries.

Front 23

The inferior hypophyseal arteries come from the ___________ ______ _______ and supply the pars nervosa.

Back 23

internal carotid arteries

Front 24

T/F the anterior lobe of the pituitary has no direct artery supply.

Back 24

True, it is fed by the plexus system.

Front 25

T/F the adenohypophysis degenerates from oropharyngeal cavity EXCLUSIVELY.

Back 25

True

Front 26

What type of capillaries do endocrine glands have?

Back 26

fenestrated, thus pituitary gland has fenestrated capillaries! Needs to release hormone into the blood!

Front 27

At what location of the pituitary do lots of the neurons from hypothalamus terminate?

Back 27

median eminence

Front 28

____ system is when 2 or more capillary beds are connected to each other. give an example of this in an endocrine gland.

Back 28

portal system - hypophyseal portal system (pituitary gland, anterior lobe)

Front 29

Branching off of the superior hypophyseal artery in the stalk area(infundibulum - median eminence) is the _________ ________ plexus.

Back 29

primary capillary

Front 30

At the primary plexus what is released into the blood stream?

Back 30

stimulation or inhibiting hormones produced in the hypothalamus

Front 31

At the secondary capillary plexus what is released into the blood stream?

Back 31

hormones produced by the pars distalis

Front 32

Where does the pimary capillary plexus drain in the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

Back 32

drains into the hypophysieal portal veins

Front 33

Where does the blood traveling through the hypophyseal portal veins go?

Back 33

To teh secondary capillary plexus in the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis.

Front 34

The process of primary capillary plexus -> drain into hypophysial portal veins -> secondary capillary plexus = WHAT?

Back 34

hypophyseal portal system.

Front 35

__________ _________ _________ main purpose is to carry neurohormones from the median eminence to the adenohypophysis.

Back 35

hypophyseal portal system.

Front 36

What mainly supplies the pars nervosa?

Back 36

The inferior hypophyseal arteries from the internal carotid arteries

Front 37

What 3 types of cells are visibile strictly based on staining properties in teh pars distalis?

Back 37

chromophobes(white), basophils ( contain granules) and acidophils (pink - eosinophils)

Front 38

Although 3 types of cells are seen in the pars distalis when stained...how many types of cells are there when based on secretory products using immunohistochemistry?

Back 38

GH, gonatotropins, TSH, ACTH, prolaction (5)

Front 39

where are cords and nests of cells interspersed with capillaries found?

Back 39

within the pars distalis

Front 40

What area of the adenohypophysis contains cords, follicles and basophilic cells > monocyte stim. hormone.

Back 40

pars intermedia

Front 41

What area of the adenohypophysis is highly vascular, has cords of cells secreting gonadotropins (FSH/LH)?

Back 41

pars tuberalis

Front 42

T/F the pars tuberalis and pars distalis look similar?

Back 42

true

Front 43

How many hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary produce?

Back 43

7 - GH, gonadotropins, TSH, ACTH, prolaction, LH FSH

Front 44

what region of the pituitary gland has nonmyelinated axons and nerve ending of ~ 100,000 neurosecretory neurons.

Back 44

pars nervosa

Front 45

Are the axons in the pars nervosa unmyelinated or myelinated?

Back 45

UNmyelinated

Front 46

where are the cells bodies of the axons found within the pars nervosa located?

Back 46

In the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the HYPOthalamus.

Front 47

Where are pituicytes found?

Back 47

in the pars nervosa

Front 48

What is a specialized glial cell, similar to astrocytes?

Back 48

pituicyte

Front 49

___________ bodies are a large collection of neurosecretory granuyles at the nerve endings in the pars nervosa

Back 49

Herring bodies

Front 50

T/F Herring bodies have no nuclei.

Back 50

True

Front 51

T/F the cell bodies in the hypothalamus that supply the axons for the pars nervosa have prominent Nissl bodies. (RER)

Back 51

True

Front 52

What hormones are released in the pars nervosa?

Back 52

vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin (smooth muscle of mammillary glands).

Front 53

Oligodendrocytes are found within the neurohypophysis. WHat is their purpose?

Back 53

To provide support and structure - DON'T myelinate.

Front 54

Where are ADH and oxytocin produced and where are they released?

Back 54

They are made in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and travel down the axon to be released in the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland

Front 55

_______ _______ is due to a reduction in ADH production.

Back 55

Diabetes insipidus. - pars nervosa affected

Front 56

When you have diabetes insipidus you pee ______ (alot/little)

Back 56

A LOT

Front 57

What area of the pituitary has been affected if you are releasing a large volume of dilute urine and drinking large volume of liquids?

Back 57

pars nervosa

Front 58

What can cause you to have diabetes insipidus?

Back 58

Head injuries, tumors, other lesion of the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary. (due to reduction in ADH production)

Front 59

Most tumors in the hypophysis are located in the ________- lobe.

Back 59

anterior - adenomas

Front 60

An _________ is a benign tumor of the glandular cells in the adenohypophysis that can result in incorrect hormone production.

Back 60

adenoma

Front 61

adenomas have an _________ origin

Back 61

epithelial

Front 62

T/F 2/3 adenomas can produce GH, prolaction, ACTH, TSH. (actually function)

Back 62

True

Front 63

When you have a tumor producing too much TSH what symptom will you see?

Back 63

adverse metabolism effects.

Front 64

What endocrine gland is triangular and superior to the kidney?

Back 64

Adrenal (=suprarenal) glands!

Front 65

What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal glands?

Back 65

Cortex: mesodermal mesenchyme. medulla: neural crest cells.

Front 66

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

Back 66

Cortex and medulla

Front 67

What does the cortex secrete?

Back 67

steroid hormones

Front 68

What does the medulla secrete?

Back 68

NE and E

Front 69

What supplies blood to the adrenal cortex?

Back 69

Cortical arteries: supply capsule, cortex and drain into medullary capillaries. (it receives hormones that can effect adrenal cortex and medulla).

Front 70

What supplies blood to the adrenal medulla?

Back 70

medullary arteries: travel within the trabeculae and supply medulla (main from aorta)

Front 71

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex? (from most exterior to interior)

Back 71

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Front 72

What layer in the cortex is just beneath the capsule?

Back 72

zona glomerulosa

Front 73

What layer composes the majority of the cortex?

Back 73

zona fasciculata

Front 74

What layer of the adrenal cortex is closest to the adrenal medulla?

Back 74

zona reticularis

Front 75

What type of cells are found in the zona glomerulosa?

Back 75

columnar - pryamidal cell cords clustered in curved columns (globular cells)

Front 76

What is produced in the zona glomerulosa?

Back 76

Mineralcorticoids: Na+/K homeostasis (eg: Aldosterone) ---this helps to concentrate the urine.

Front 77

What type of cells are found in the zona fasciculata?

Back 77

polyhedral cells with lipid droplets (=SPONGYOCYTES) arranged in long straight cords.

Front 78

What steroid is produced in the zona fasciculata?

Back 78

Glucocorticoids: regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism (eg: cortisol-kills a lot of lymphocytes).

Front 79

What cells are found in the zona reticularis?

Back 79

smaller cells with darker nuclei, arranged in anastomosing cords (haphazardly arranged).

Front 80

What is produced in the zona reticularis?

Back 80

Weak androgen: (eg. dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA)

Front 81

Chromaffin cells are mainly found in the adrenal _________.

Back 81

medulla

Front 82

_______ cells are large, pale cells comprising most of the parenchyma of the adrenal medulla, supported by reticular fiber network

Back 82

Chromaffin

Front 83

T/F Chromafiin cells are modified neurons that act like postsynaptic neurons because they receive impulses from presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers and release catecholamines.

Back 83

Chromaffin

Front 84

What type of hormone does a Chromaffin cell release?

Back 84

catecholamines - NE and E

Front 85

What signals Chromaffin cells to release catecholamines?

Back 85

impulses from presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers.

Front 86

What syndrome is caused by ANY condition that produces an elevation in glucocorticoid levels.

Back 86

Cushing Syndrome

Front 87

What disease is characterized by: Hypertension, weight gain, central adipose tissue deposition -> truncal obesity, moon faces, fat accumulation in the posterior neck and back (buffalo humpm)

Back 87

Cushing Syndrome

Front 88

What layer was damaged of the adrenal cortex when a patient has Cushing syndrome?

Back 88

zona fasciculata

Front 89

Cushing Syndroms is a result of ______ glucocorticoid levels.

Back 89

elevated.

Front 90

_____- is an uncommon neoplasms of chromaffin cells.

Back 90

Pheochromocytoma

Front 91

What disease has symptoms of: syntesizing and releasing catecholamine (NE and E) - abrupt hypertenstion, tachycardia, palpitations, headache, sweating, tremor, weight LOSS

Back 91

Pheochromocytoma

Front 92

What structure is damaged if you have pheochromocytoma?

Back 92

Adrenal medulla

Front 93

What are microorgans of cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreatic parenchyma?

Back 93

Islets of Langerhans

Front 94

What 4 types of cells are found in Islets of Langerhans?

Back 94

A, B, D and F

Front 95

What do A cells produce and why are they known as A cells?

Back 95

A cells produce glucaGON they are Acidophils - hence A cells

Front 96

What do B cells produce and why are they known as B cells?

Back 96

B cells produce insulin - they are basophils - hence B cells

Front 97

What are the responsiblities of insulin and glucagon?

Back 97

Insulin when released makes your body uptake glucose, glucagon (glucose is Gone from the blood stream) increases blood glucose levels and makes your body release glucose into the blood stream.

Front 98

What do D cell produce?

Back 98

somatostatin

Front 99

What do F cells produce?

Back 99

pancreatic polypeptide

Front 100

What cells surround the islets of langerhans?

Back 100

acini glandular epithelial cells

Front 101

T/F pancreas is considered to be endocrine and exocrine.

Back 101

True

Front 102

What type of diabetes is considered to be 'juvenile diabetes'

Back 102

Diabetes type I

Front 103

What cell is autoimmunely destroyed that = diabetes type I

Back 103

B cells in the islets of langerhans

Front 104

What type of diabetes is associated with obesity, often occurs later in life, nowadays occurs @ younger age.

Back 104

Type II

Front 105

What type of diabetes results in high concentration of glucose in blood and cells lose sensitivity?

Back 105

Type II diabetes

Front 106

How does diabetes type I work?

Back 106

autoimmune, so antibody identifies B cells to be "hazardous" and elicits immune response to destroy those cells = diabetes type I

Front 107

Because B cells are destroyed in Type I diabetes are the people affected fat or skinny?

Back 107

skinny, no insulin being produced so no uptake of insulin.

Front 108

What is the embryonic origin of the thyroid?

Back 108

Endoderm and pharyngeal pouches. (4th pouch supplies parafollicular cells)

Front 109

What are the regions of the thyroid?

Back 109

2 lateral lobes and isthmus

Front 110

What is the parenchyma of the thyroid composed of?

Back 110

thyroid follicles - simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium.

Front 111

what do the simple squamous epithelium (follicles) produce?

Back 111

Thyroid hormones T4 and T3.

Front 112

What is the center of the thyroid follicles full of?

Back 112

Colloid filled center: thyroglobulin (a glycoprotein)

Front 113

What is the embryonic origin of the parafollicular cells?

Back 113

4th pharyngeal pouch

Front 114

What do the parafollicular cells produce?

Back 114

calcitonin (tone down the calcium concentration in the blood - uptake into bone) - lower concentration of Ca

Front 115

What structure has an impt. role in body metabolism, temp regulation, and growth.

Back 115

thyroid

Front 116

parafollicular cells are found (inbetween/within) thyroid follicles.

Back 116

Inbetween

Front 117

What absorbed nutrient from the diet is needed to make T4 and T3?

Back 117

Iodine

Front 118

What hormone from what gland stimulates the production and release of T3 and T4

Back 118

TSH from the adenohypophysis

Front 119

An enlargement of the thyroid is called a ______.

Back 119

goiter

Front 120

T/F hyper or hypothyroidism can cause goiter formation.

Back 120

True

Front 121

Insuffiecient dietary idoine, or autoimmune disease (destroys follicle) results in _______ thyroidism.

Back 121

Hypo

Front 122

________ is severe for of adult hypothyroidism > mental and physical sluggishness.

Back 122

myxedma

Front 123

When you have a low level of T3 and T4 it stimulates excess release of TSH > thyroid hypertrophy - this is from ______- thyroidism.

Back 123

hypo

Front 124

______ is hypothyroidism in fetus > reduced physical and mental development.

Back 124

Cretinism

Front 125

If you have excess thryoid hormone you have _______.

Back 125

hyperthyroidism.

Front 126

Graves disease is a result of ______ thyroidism.

Back 126

hyper

Front 127

____ disease is an immune disfunction > abnormal IgG binds to thyroid follicular cells and stimulates hormone production.

Back 127

Graves.

Front 128

T/F Graves disease is common.

Back 128

true

Front 129

What antibody is associated with graves disease?

Back 129

IgG

Front 130

In Graves disease what type of cell does IgG bind to and stimulate hormone production?

Back 130

thyroid follicular cells

Front 131

When you have symptoms of weight loss, tachycardia, excess sweating, nervousnes, protrusion of the eyes (exopthalamus) you may have____--

Back 131

graves disease - hyperthyroidism.

Front 132

Why do the eyes protrude in graves disease?

Back 132

fat accumulation behind the eyes.

Front 133

What is the embryonic origin of the parathyroid glands?

Back 133

Superior: 4th pharyngeal pouch (dorsal) Inferior: 3rd pharyngeal pouch

Front 134

T/F parathyroid glands have a capsule.

Back 134

True

Front 135

What are the 2 main types of cells in parathyroid glands?

Back 135

Principal (cheif) cells: small, polygonal, cells with central nuclei, produce PTH and oxyphil cells: minor population of rounded, larger, acidophilic cells, no known function. (also there are adipoctyes that infilitrate as you get older)

Front 136

What cells are small polygonal, cells with central nuclei and produce PTH

Back 136

Principal (cheif) cells of parathyroid glands

Front 137

What effect does PTH hormone have on Calcium concentration?

Back 137

increases Ca ions

Front 138

What cells are found in the parathyroid glands and are minor, population of rounded, larger, acidophilic cells, with no known funct.

Back 138

oxyphil cells

Front 139

Where are parathyroid cells located on the thyroid?

Back 139

On the posterior lateral lobes.

Front 140

When you have an increase in blood Ca levels that leads to abnormal calcification of various organs (heart, kidney, etc), osteitis fibrosa cystica (calcified structures) what do you have?

Back 140

hyperparatheyroidism.

Front 141

What type of parathyroidism do you have when you have a derease in blood Ca2+ > dense bones, tetany, twitch a lot because of high Calcium concentration - abnormal contraction cycle.

Back 141

Hypoparathyroidism.

Front 142

What is the embryonic origin of the pineal gland?

Back 142

neuroectoderm of the ROOF of the diencephalon

Front 143

The pineal gland is also known as the _____ _______

Back 143

epiphysis cerebri

Front 144

The pineal gland receives information from the retina (via the retinohypothalamic tract) this is because it is a __________ organ.

Back 144

photosensitive

Front 145

What 2 types of cell are found in the pineal gland?

Back 145

pinealocytes: slightly basophilic cells with large nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Interstitial (glial) cell: specialized astrocytes.

Front 146

What do pinealocytes produce?

Back 146

melatonin

Front 147

T/F melatonin helps with night and day cycles.

Back 147

True

Front 148

What cell is slightly basophilic with large nuclei with prominent nucleoli and produces melatonin?

Back 148

pinealocytes

Front 149

What cells are considered to be an extension of the brain and are specialized astroctyes (found in pineal gland)

Back 149

Interstitial (glial) cells

Front 150

What are the calcified concretions in the pineal gland called?

Back 150

Corpora arenacea/brain sand.

Front 151

What is the 'landmark' of the the pineal gland when looking at a slide.

Back 151

The corpora arenacea