Test 3: Circulatory System

Front 1

What are the different type of transport processes?

Back 1

1. surface diffusion
2. internal fluids
3. specialized fluids

Front 2

Describe: surface diffusion

Back 2

1. net movement of particles from region of high concentration to low concentration as result of random movement as a result of random movement
2. in small, simple vertebrates

Front 3

Describe: internal fluids

Back 3

1. bathes the cells and provides a medium for diffusion of oxygen nutrients, and wastes
2. interstitial, gastrovascular cavity, coelum

Front 4

Describe: specialized systems

Back 4

1. circulatory, cardiovascular
2. in large animals, blood, heart, blood vessels of spaces

Front 5

What organisms lack a transport system and what do they do instead?

Back 5

1. protists and poriferans
2. relay on diffusion

Front 6

What animals have a gastrovascular cavity that acts as a transport system?

Back 6

1. cnidarians and platyhelminthes
2. in platyhelminthes, their flattened bodies permit gas exchange and the branched gastrovascular cavities bring nutrients close to cells

Front 7

What is involved in transport in internal fluids

Back 7

1. fluid in body cavities help circulate materials by dissolving and diffusing
2. pseudocoelum (nematodes)
3. coelomic fluid (earthworm, sea star)
4. water vascular system (sea star)

Front 8

Describe functions and components of transport systems

Back 8

1. nutrient delivery; waste removal; gas exchange
2. has a pump that is a pulsing vessel/fluid/organ/or specialized cell

Front 9

What animals have open circulatory systems?

Back 9

1. mollusks (except: cephalopods)
2. arthropods

Front 10

What is an open circulatory system?

Back 10

blood pumps into vessels that have open ends

Front 11

Describe mollusks in terms of circulatory system

Back 11

1. open system
2. 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle)

Front 12

Describe arthropods in terms of circulatory system

Back 12

1. tubular heart
2. blood and interstitial fluid indistinguishable (hemolymph)
3. hemolymph pigmented blue

Front 13

Describe: hemolymph

Back 13

1. mainly distributes nutrients and hormones in arthropods
2. copper that transports oxygen give it a blue color
3. bathes cells of body directly through openings in the heart or opened ended vessels

Front 14

What animals have closed circulatory systems?

Back 14

1. cephalopods
2. annelids
3. vertebrates

Front 15

Describe the circulatory system in cephalopods

Back 15

1. 3 hearts
2. the closed system is more efficient by accessory hearts, which speed passage of blood to gills

Front 16

What is a closed circulatory system?

Back 16

blood flows through continuous circut of blood vessels

Front 17

Describe the circulatory system in annelids

Back 17

1. 2 main blood vessels
2. primary heart: pulsating dorsal and anterior direction
3. hemoglobin

Front 18

What is the function of blood?

Back 18

1. transport nutrients from digestive system to cells
2. transport oxygen from respiratory structures to cells
3. excrete metabolic wastes from cells
4. transport hormone to target tissue
5. helps maintain fluid balance
6. helps distinguish metabolic heat to maintain body temperature in endotherms
7. maintain pH
8. defense from microorganisms

Front 19

What are the types of extracellular fluids?

Back 19

1. blood
2. interstitial fluid
3. lymph

Front 20

What is the volume of blood in males compared to females?

Back 20

1. 5.5 L (males
2. 5 L (females)

Front 21

Where are RBC made?

Back 21

red marrow of spongy bone

Front 22

What comprises blood?

Back 22

1. cells and cell fragments
2. RBC
3. WBC (leucocytes)
4. plasma
5. dissolved substances
6. serum

Front 23

What does plasma consist of?

Back 23

92% water, 7% protein; salt and nutrients

Front 24

What are some dissolved substances found in plasma?

Back 24

gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones

Front 25

What is serum?

Back 25

the remaining liquid when proteins in plasma have been removed

Front 26

What are the different types of cells in blood?

Back 26

1. red
2. white

Front 27

What are the types of white blood cells?

Back 27

1. agranular
2. granular

Front 28

What are the granular white blood cells

Back 28

1. basophil
2. eosinophil
3. neutrophil

Front 29

What are the agranular white blood cells

Back 29

1. monocyte
2. lymphocyte

Front 30

Name the white blood cells

Back 30

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
1. neutrophils
2. lymphocytes
3. monocytes
4. eosinophils
5. basophils

Front 31

Describe: monocyte

Back 31

1. agranular
2. differentiate into macrophages
3. can engulf bacteria, debris, dead cells (not principle)

Front 32

Describe: lymphocyte

Back 32

1. produce antibodies
2. destroy foreign cells
3. agranular

Front 33

Describe: basophil

Back 33

1. mast cells
2. prevention of inappropriate clotting
3. granular
4. release histamine (dilates blood vessels in response to injuries and allergic reactions)
5. release heparin

Front 34

Describe: eosinophil

Back 34

1. allergy response
2. phagocytic (not primary)
3. detox foreign proteins
4. increase in number during infestations and allergies
5. contain lysosomes

Front 35

Describe: neutrophil

Back 35

1. principle phagocytes
2. clean up of bacteria, dead cells, etc

Front 36

What is the order of leukocytes from most common to least common?

Back 36

1. neutrophils (most common)
2. lymphocytes
3. monocytes
4. eosinophils
5. basophils (least common)

Front 37

Describe red blood cells

Back 37

1. 120 day turnover
2. no nuclei
3. erythropoiesis
4. contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport
5. carbonic hydrase -- bicarbonate to transfer carbon dioxide
6. annemia - low levels of hemoglobin or RBC

Front 38

What are the different blood types?

Back 38

AA, AB, AO, BB, BO, OO

Front 39

Describe: blood type

Back 39

1. blood type indicates type of surface antigen
2. makes antibodies to oppose surface antigen

Front 40

Describe blood clot formation

Back 40

1. injury to a blood vessel
2. wall contracts
3. platelets adhere to collagen fibers of damaged wall (platelet plug)
4. more permanent plug forms

Front 41

Describe chemical components of a blood clot

Back 41

1. prothrombin
2. thrombin
3. fibrinogen
4. fibrin

Front 42

Describe chemical process of a blood clot

Back 42

1. damaged cells and plates release substances that activate clotting fibers
2. prothrombin activator
3. prothrombin converts thrombin with a catalyst
4. causes fibrinogen to become fibrin threads (clot) w/ aid of a catalyst

Front 43

Describe: Arteries

Back 43

1. carry blood AWAY from heart to tissue
2. no valves; more smooth muscle, wall thickens, divides into arterioles
3. capable of vasoconstriction/vasodilation
4. pulmonary arteries
5. elastic arteries
6. conducting arteries

Front 44

Describe: pulmonary arteries

Back 44

carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart, towards the lungs

Front 45

Describe: elastic arteries

Back 45

artery with a large number of collagen and elastin filaments, which gives it the ability to stretch in response to each pulse

Front 46

Describe: conducting arteries

Back 46

large elastic arteries

Front 47

Describe: veins

Back 47

1. return blood to heart
2. valves; less smooth muscle than arteries; more compliant
3.pulmonary veins

Front 48

Describe: pulmonary veins

Back 48

1. large veins that carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Front 49

Describe: capillaries

Back 49

1. thin walled (single cell thick)
2. allow materials to transfer between blood and tissue

Front 50

What types of capillaries are there?

Back 50

1. continuous
2. fenestrated
3. sinusoidal

Front 51

Describe: continuous capillaries

Back 51

continuous, uninterrupted, and only allow small molecules (water and ions) to diffuse through tight junctions

Front 52

Describe: fenestrated capillaries

Back 52

1. implemented in areas of absorption and filtration
2. rapid entry of hormones

Front 53

Describe: sinusoidal capillaries

Back 53

1. clefts are large enough for entire cells and proteins can enter
2. ex: liver - absorption
3. bone marrow: blood cells

Front 54

Describe: capillary bed structure

Back 54

1. microcirculation
2. arteriole
3. metarteriole
4. venule
5. sphincter muscles

Front 55

Describe: microcirculation

Back 55

small vessels responsible for distributing blood WITHIN tissues

Front 56

Describe: arterioles

Back 56

1. blood vessel in microciruclation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries

Front 57

Describe: metarterioles

Back 57

1. short vessels that link arterioles and capillaries
2. have individual muscle cells that form a precapillary sphincter

Front 58

Describe: venule

Back 58

1. microcirculation
1. allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to veins

Front 59

Describe: sphincter muscles

Back 59

1. band of smooth muscle that adjusts the blood flow
2.contraction impedes blood flow

Front 60

What is responsible for fluid movement in capillary beds?

Back 60

1. hyrostatic pressure
2. colloid pressure

Front 61

What happens if the hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure?

Back 61

molecules will diffuse OUT into the interstitual fluid

Front 62

What happens if the osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure?

Back 62

molecules will diffuse INTO the capillary

Front 63

Describe: bony fish hearts

Back 63

1. systematic return
2. atrium, ventricle, ventral aorta, gills, then systemic
3. linear; one atrium and one ventricle
4. swimming facilitates circulation
5. blood returning to heart has low oxygen

Front 64

Describe: amphibian hearts

Back 64

1. separation of oxygen rich and depleted blood via sinus venosus
2. systemic return
3. atrium -- ventricle -- lung and skin capillaries -- left atrium -- left ventricle -- aorta -- systemic
4. sequence in ventricular circulation prevents mixing of oxygen
5. pulmonary and systemic circulation (double circuit)
6. 2 atria, one ventricle

Front 65

Describe: reptiles

Back 65

1. 2 atria and 2 ventricles
2. incomplete septum, blood mixing in ventricular chambers ex: crocodiles (complete septum)

Front 66

Describe: birds and mammels

Back 66

1. 2 atria and 2 ventricle
2. complete septa

Front 67

Where is the heart located?

Back 67

1. thoracic cavity
2. mediastinum
3. pericardial sac

Front 68

What is pericarditis?

Back 68

inflammation of the pericardium

Front 69

Anatomy of heart

Back 69

page 929

Front 70

What is the difference between the fetal and adult heart?

Back 70

1. foramen ovale fetus; fossa ovalis in adult
2. ductus arteriosus is open in adults; ligamentum arteriosum is closed in fetus

Front 71

Describe components of the conductance system

Back 71

1. autoexcitatory
2. SA node
3. AV node
4. Atrioventricular bundles
5. ventricular branches
6. purkinje fibers

Front 72

Describe: SA node

Back 72

1. rapidly spread over atria
2. 60-100 times/min
3. signal origination

Front 73

Describe: AV node

Back 73

1. slight delay (smaller fibers)
2. can spontaneously fire but at a lower rate than the SA node

Front 74

Describe: AV bundles

Back 74

1. branch into ventricles
2. can also generate an action potential in case both SA and AV nodes fail, but at a MUCH lower rate

Front 75

Describe the process of signal conductance

Back 75

SA node -- atrial muscle fibers -- atrial contraction -- AV node -- AV bundle -- right and left bundle branches -- purkinje fibers -- ventricular muscle fibers -- ventricles contract

Front 76

What happens at and SA node?

Back 76

1. spontaneous depolarization
2. action potential triggered by opening of calcium channels
3. muscle fibers spread to both atria
4. atrial contraction

Front 77

Describe cardiac muscle

Back 77

1. striated
2. branched
3. intercalated discs

Front 78

What does the P wave on a ECG represent?

Back 78

atrial depolarization

Front 79

What does the QRS wave on a ECG represent?

Back 79

ventricular depolarization

Front 80

What does the T wave on a ECG represent?

Back 80

ventricular repolarization

Front 81

What does an enlarged P wave indicate?

Back 81

enlarged atrium

Front 82

What does an enlarged R indicate?

Back 82

enlarged ventricles

Front 83

What does an elevated ST indicate?

Back 83

acute myocardial infarction

Front 84

What does an elevated T indicate?

Back 84

increase K levels

Front 85

Describe ventricular contraction

Back 85

1. fast sodium channels open
2. depolarization
3. slow calcium channels open
4. potassium permeability decreases
5. plateau
6. potassium channels open
7. calcium channels close
8. repolarization

Front 86

How does the nervous system regulate heart rate?

Back 86

1. baroreceptors
2. cardiac centers
3. vasomotor centers
4. innervation

Front 87

Describe: baroreceptors

Back 87

1. specialized receptors in the walls of certain arteries
2. sensitive to changes in blood pressure

Front 88

Describe: cardiac centers

Back 88

1. govern parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves located in medulla
2. stimulate parasympathetic to slow heart rate and decrease Na flux

Front 89

Describe: vasomotor center

Back 89

1. inhibit sympathetic nerves that dilate blood vessels
2. blood pressure reduced

Front 90

Describe: innervation

Back 90

1. sympathetic fibers
2. parasympathetic fibers

Front 91

Describe: effect of sympathetic fibers

Back 91

1. release NOR -- speed HR, increase strength of contraction
2. NOR -- Ca channel opening during depolarization

Front 92

Describe: effect of parasympathetic fibers

Back 92

release ACh -- slower HR, increase permeability of K -- decrease rate of depolarization

Front 93

Describe: cardiac output

Back 93

1. CO = SV x HR
2. average CO for resting adult = 5 L/min

Front 94

Describe: Starling's law of the heart

Back 94

1. if veins deliver more blood to heart, then heart pumps more blood
2. more blood in chambers = stretching and contracting with more force

Front 95

Describe: blood pressure

Back 95

1. force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of blood vessels
2. determined by the resistance of blood flow and CO and blood volume

Front 96

Describe: factors that affect blood pressure

Back 96

1. cardiac output
2. vessel diameter
3. viscosity
4. volume

Front 97

Describe: vessel diameter

Back 97

1. constriction increases blood pressure
2. dilation decreases blood pressure

Front 98

Describe: blood volume

Back 98

increase blood volume = increase blood pressure

Front 99

Describe: viscosity

Back 99

1. peripheral resistance = resistance to blood flow caused by blood viscosity
2. decrease in viscosity = increase blood pressure

Front 100

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 100

1. interstitial fluids
2. defense
3. digestion

Front 101

Describe: lymphatic system

Back 101

1. collects and returns ISF to blood
2. launches immune response that defend body against disease
3. absorbs liquids from the digestive tract

Front 102

Describe: lymphatic structure

Back 102

1. capillaries and vessels
2. ducts
3. nodes