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222 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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DSM BOOK DEF OF ANOREXIA
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A) Refusal to maintain body weight that is normal
B) Intense fear of gaining weight C) Distorted perception of size D) Absence of 3 periods |
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Why change the last diagnostic criteria?
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Cannot use for pre-pubescent girls, girls on birth control, and men; maybe change it to physiological consequences of semistarvation - hypothermia, low blood pressure, lanugo, and amenorrhea
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How do people with anorexia view their low weight?
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Feel like they have no problem
Yet try to conceal weight |
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What the two types of AN?
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Restricting type - limit food intake
Binge-eating/purging - vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, and exercise |
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What does AN have co-morbidity with?
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OCD
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DSM for bulimia nervosa
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A) Binge-eating - can't stop eating lots of food
B) Compensatory behaviors - vomiting, laxatives, exercise, medication C) self-evaluation influenced by weight and body shape |
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Why does a person get AN with binge-eating over bulimia?
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Far greater mortality rate of AN
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Can there be non-purging bulimia?
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Yes, the compensatory behaviors then are just fasting and exercising
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How does someone with bulimia view disorder?
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Shame, guilt, self-deprecation
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What is eating disorder not otherwise specified?
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EDNOS can be diagnosed for someone who meets most criteria but not all; like someone with AN but not disrupted periods
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How often is EDNOS diagnosed?
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60% of time; tends to reflect long-standing clinical problems
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DSM for binge-eating disorder?
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A) Eating a lot
B) Lack of control C) 3 or more of following: eating much more rapidly, being uncomfortably full, eating large amounts of food when not hungry, eating alone, and feeling guilty D) Distress E) 2x/week for 6 months |
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How is binge-eating disorder different ad same than bulimia?
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A) Different b.c no purging, and more overweight and obese
B) Same because put value in weight or shape |
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What is the typical age of onset for AN, bulimia, and then binge-eating?
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AN - 15-19
Bulimia - 20-24 Binge-eating: 30-50 |
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What are misconceptions of eating disorders?
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That they are disorders of young or females
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In men, who is most likely to get eating disorders?
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Homosexuals, athletes; more likely to get "muscle dysmorphia"
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What is the frequency of eating disorders?
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EDNOS > Binge-eating > bulimia > anorexia nervosa
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Why does AN have the highest mortality rate of any disorder?
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Medical complications; 3% will die b/c of self-imposed starvation; then suicide (50x greater completed than general population)
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What is the long-term prognosis for AN/bulimia/binge-eating?
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50-70% of anorexia; 70% of of bulimia; 60% of binge-eating initially diagnosed will recover
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What predicts worse outcomes for bulimic people over time?
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Substance abuse and longer duration of illness
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What are shifts from one diagnosis to another (eating disorders)
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Common to gofrom binge-eating/purging AN -> BN
Not that common from restricting -> bulimic Minority - transition from bulimic -> anorexic None from AN -> binge eating, none from binge-eating -> AN or BN |
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What are comorbidity with eating disorders?
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Depression in all, OCD in bulimia and AN, substance-abuse in inge-eating/purging AN and bulimia, self-harm, BED and anxiet
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What does starvation have to do with personality of those with eating disorders?
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Starvation - irritability and obsessional
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What are patterns of eating disorders in cultures?
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AA and white similar, not so much African Americans
Important factor: assimilation into "white" culture Also, reasons given are different: Japanese and AN - lower perfectionism and drive for thinness |
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What kind of disorders do relatives of those with eating disorders have?
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Substance-use, OCD, and depression
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What genes have been implicated in eating disorders?
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Serotonin - related to mood, b/c has to do with obsessionality, mood, and impulsivity
Eating disordered patients respond well to antidepressants |
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Why do people who diet keep thinking about food?
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When body deviates from set-point, then all it thinks about is getting more food and reutrning to equilibrium
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Which females have more eating disorders (income levels)?
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Higher socioeconomic backgrounds + bombarded by media
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How is family implicated in eating disorders?
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Strongest predictor of bulimic symptoms is extent to which family makes disparaging comments about woman's appearance and need to diet
Up rigidity, overptoectiveness, control, marital discord, and desirability of thinness |
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What individual risk factors are there for eating disorders?
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More focus on apperance and anxious -> more weight preocupation
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What are risk factors for eating disorders?
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Being female (except for binge-eating disorders), and during adolescence (except binge-eating)
Negative body image - Internalize thin ideal Perfectionism (maybe result?) - also might explain how men not so much Eating Disorders, b/c men are less perfectionistic? Negative body image - think men prefer a weight; women's weight on mags going down Dieting - esp if perfectionistic and more likely to get unhappy and feel negatively if don't stick with diet plan Negative affect - self-critical; also maintains BED b/c eating makes them not think about themselves Childhood sexual abuse |
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What do AN people feel about therapy?
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Pessimistic about recovery
Dropout rate (esp. binge-eatingpurging AN) Reluctant to seek treatment |
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What is most important thing initially to treat AN?
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Restore person to a weight no longer life-threatening; IV or calorie intake control
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What other things can help someone with AN?
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Anti-depressants (though tend to reject)
BEST TREATMENT: FAMILY THERAPY, Maudsley model of a) refeeding b) negotiations of new pattern of relationships c) termination - developing those relationships 75-90% show recovery afterwards |
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Who is most best for Maudsley model of family therapy?
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Before 19, and ill for fewer than 3 years
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How does CBT help AN?
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Modifies distorted beliefs concerning weight and food, as well as distorted beliefs about self
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What is the treatment for choice for BN?
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CBT - even if you combine antidepressants, only modestly more effective
A) Normalize eating B) Change cognition that precipitates eating ex) all-or-nothing/permissive thought challenging Yet stil not fully recovered most of the time |
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What is treatment for BED?
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Antidepressants, CBT, Corrective and factual information on nutrition and weight loss
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What are the negative effects of being obese?
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Hypertension, joint disease, heart and respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes
Expensive to treat all those disorders Reduced life expectancy |
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What is prevalence of obesity in USA?
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1/3
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How can one be diagnosed for obesity?
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BMI above 30
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Prevalence of obesity?
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Black women, minorities
High-class: black women Low-SES: white women Older Female Children of obsese parents Marriage Low parental education Neglect Ex-Smokers Having children |
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How does evolutionary advantage explain some predisposition to obesity?
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Genes that helped ancestors surivve in famine (more in starvation areas) - more obese
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What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
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Makes someone insatiable hungry; high levels of grehlin - powerful appetite stimulator
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How is leptin mutation involved in obesity?
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Leptin - decreased food intake, made after increased body fat; yet if give to obese people - little effect
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Why do we say that even with dieting, it will be hard to maintain our energy balance?
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99.5% is already regulated by our bodies naturally, mediated by leptin (decreasing appetite) and grehlin (increasing appetite)
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What can drive someone to eat a lot?
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Time pressure - eat too much and too quickly, outpacing natural feelings of fullness; also buy more fast food
Also, culture wants you to eat more large portions |
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What are family influences on role of obesity?
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Families who overeat
Families who eat in resonse to stress or way of showing love Mothers who gain a lot of weight or smoke during pregnancy |
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How can overfeeding infants predispose them to more weight problems?
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You increase adipose cells; as people lose weight, you can't lose number of cells, only the size reduces
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What are influences during childhood that predispose people to develop obesity?
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Being overweight in childhood
Someone close to us is obese (esp. same-sex friendships) |
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How is personal preference for food at certain times (ex. stress) a precursor to overeating?
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Stress: less healthy foods
ex) rats and cold eat diets higher in fat and sugar, reducing activation in the stress system Eat in response to depression/anxiety Conditioned because emotional tension is reduced |
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Out of all the eating disorders, what is a pathway to obesity and what are the factors that lead to that eating disorder?
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An important step is binge eating, gotten to by conforming to thin ideal, dieting, depression, low self-esteem, rejection from peers
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Why is rejection from peers leading to obesity?
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In childhood, if you are overweight, are teased -> increase negative affect, increase binge-eating
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What are the three treatments for obesity?
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1) Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, therapy)
2) Medication 3) Bariatric surgery |
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What can help someone make the most effective lifestyle modifications?
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Most don't lose that dramatic amount of weight
Using meal-replacement products, continuing a relationship with a treatment provider, and exercising helps Fad/crash diets DO NOT HELP except Weight Watchers |
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Why are fad diets bad?
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Make someone actually gain more weight later
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Why are relapse rates so high for losing weight?
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Person has to decrease weight by increasing hunger
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What medications can be used to reduce weight?
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1) Suppress appetite
2) Prevent nutrients in food from being absorbed |
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What is bariatric surgery?
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Reduce storage capacity of stomach and shorten length of intestine
Stomach - shot glass Binge eating impossible Grehlin supressed |
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How can one prevent weight gain?
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Adult will gain 14-16 lbs, avoided if cut back calories by 100 calories per day or walk an extra mile per day
a) eat 3 bites less b) take stairs c) sleep more |
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What are specific public policy recommendations?
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1) Exercise availability
2) Regulate food advertising 3) Prohibit fast food/soda sales at school 4) Subsidize sale of healthful foods |
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How are degeneracy and abstinence theory related?
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Degeneracy - semen necessary for physical and sexual vigor; so don't use before marriage
Abstinence - no masturbation b/c cause of insanity |
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What are some cases of ritualized homosexuality?
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Male initiation by practicing oral sex; so still save semen but in an entirely different way - b.c female pollution, until after birth of a man's child
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When was homosexuality removed from the DSM?
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1973
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How did homosexuality slowly become something as a nonpatholgical variation?
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Can't tell between homosexual and heterosexual subjects based on psychological test responses
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What predisposes/suggests someone to become homosexual?
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Sex-atypical behavior in childhood; early prenatal hormonal influences more typical of opposite sex; size of hypothalamus; more older brothers b/c of maternal immune response to male fetuses that gets stronger after every pregnancy with a male; more non-right handed
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What are paraphilias?
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Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies involving
a) non-human objects b) suffering c) children, non-consenting people at least 6 months, or acted on fantasies and not experienced distress Fetishism, transvestic fetishism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, sexual sadism/masochism, pedophilia, fortteurism, and NOS |
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Why do paraphilias have a compulsive quality?
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Require orgasmic release 4-10x per day
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Are most paraphilic people men or women?
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Men
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What is fetishism?
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Individual has recurrent, sexual fantsies invovling inanimate objects
ex) hair, ears |
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Why do people with fetishes steal sometimes to get things (like undergarments?)
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a) Want to get desire from it
b) criminal act reinforces sexual stimulation |
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What predisposes a person to get fetishes?
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High in sexual conditionability
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What is transvestic fetishism?
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Sexual fantasies about cross-dressing as a female/male
Autogynephilia - paraphilic sexual arousal by thought or fantasy of being a woman NOT for people "in drag" Only causes overt harm if is accompanied by illegal act |
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What predisposes a person to get transvestic fetishism?
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More sexual abuse before age 10, easily sexually aroused, more masturbation, more porn, and other paraphilias, under stress
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Who most commonly has transvestic fetishism?
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Majority heterosexual and married
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What is voyeurism?
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Observing unsuspecting females undressing or couples having sex
Co-occurs with exhibitionism |
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Why do young men get voyeurism?
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a) Sexually stimulating to see woman doing it
b) Secrecy + curiosity c) Shy about women |
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What problems with those with voyeurism have with other females?
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Was shy/wanting to avoid rejection
Compensatory behaviors of power and secret domination |
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Why is porn not an adequate substitute for those with voyeurism?
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Not as satisfying for them
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What predisposes someone for voyeurism?
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More psychological problems, less happiness, more masturbation, more porn, and more easily sexually aroused
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What is exhibitionism?
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Sexually aroused by exposing genitals to others and shocking them
1/3 of sexual offenses |
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What predisposes someone to get exhibitionism?
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Greater psychological problems, lower life satisfaction, more porn, more masturbation, antisocial
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What is sadism?
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Sexually aroused by inflicting pain, dominating, controlling, or humiliating someone
whipping, murder More like need to do this or else can't get sexual gratification |
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What co-occuring, and predisposing for sadism?
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Comorbid narcisstic, schizoid, or antisocial personality disorders
Not necessarily chaotic childhood |
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Why do sadists videotape victims?
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A) Replay while masturbating
B) god-like sense of control and choreography |
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What is masochism?
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Sexually aroused by being pained or degraded
Only within limits they want to set Bondage, discipline, autoerotic asphyxia |
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What is autoerotic asphyxia?
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Depriving someone of O2 and constricting blood flow to brain to heighten orgasm
Accidental deaths high |
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What are causal factors for paraphilias?
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Maybe to earn sympathy
Being male During puberty Strong sex drive Have more than 1 paraphilia Greater dependence on visual sexual imagery, vs. women - arousal depends more on being in love with a partner Social learning /classical conditioning - reinforcement by orgasm-release -> condition an intense attraction to paraphilic stimuli |
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How to treat paraphilias?
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Most sex offenders -> see treatment there
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What are gender identity disorders?
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1) Cross gender identification
2) Gender dysphoria |
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DSM for GID?
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A) Cross gender identification:
a) insist one is the other gender b) cross dress into female attire c) make-believe d) games e) playmates 2) Persistent discomfort with his or her sex; like reject penis or breasts |
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How common is GID in boys/girsl?
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5:1 B to girls
greater parental concern about femininity in boys |
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What is the most common adult outcome of boys with GID?
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Homosexuality, NOT transsexualism
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What is debate against GID?
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Culture problem; mistreated even though not harmful
Samoan Fa-afafine |
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How is gender dysphoria treated?
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Psychodynamically, examining inner conflicts
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What is transsexualism?
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Desire to change sex; more transsexuals had GID in childhood
Homosexual transsexual men - feminine and have same sexual orientation as gay men Autogynephilia - attraction to themselves as a woman |
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Why do some with GID become homosexual transsexuals?
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Maybe prenatal hormonal influences
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How is it that autogynephilic transsexuals differ from males who have a history of transvestic fetishism?
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Autogynephilic transsexuals fantasize that they have female genitalia, leading to gender dysphoria, motivating desire for sex reassignment surgery
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How do homosexual vs autogynephilic transsexuals differ?
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Autogynephilic -
a) younger and more attractive partners b) uncommited sex c) seek surgery later in life |
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What is the most effective treatment for gender dysphoria?
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Surgical sex reassignment and hormone treatment or plastic surgery
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What are the consequences of sexual abuse?
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Short-term: PTSD, fears, sexual inappropriateness, poor self-esteem, no symptoms
Later, somatization disorder with dissociative symptoms, and DID |
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Can you trust children's report?
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Yes; get more accurate if:
a) ask open-ended rather than specific questions b) don't use anatomically correct dolls c) don't just look at reports, thinking you'll see through lies |
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What is pedophilia?
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Sexually aroused by thinking about children
Male 2/3 victims girls most heterosexual porn age 13 or younger, pedophile at least 16 and at least 5 years older than kid |
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What do child molesters believe about children?
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Willing to initiate contact
Desire dominance More likely to been sexually or physically abused Lower IQs Non right-handedness Head injuries - disrupting normal sexual development |
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What is incest and why taboo?
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Culturally prohibited sexual relations with bro/sis/parent/child
More likely to have problems bc of same recessive genes Brother-sister incest most common, then father-daughter (stepfather) |
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What arousal patterns do incestuous child molesters tend to have?
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Pedophilic and adult arousal
More against girls (vs. extrafamilial child molesters who have equal rates for boys and girls), and just 1 or a few children in family, vs. many |
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What is rape?
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Sexual activity occuring under actual or threatened forcible coercion of one person by another
Mostly men against women, or in prison, men against men Statuatory rape - person less than 18, even if consents Most frequent during wars - few costs, express contempt illegal marital rape |
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What is rape motivated by?
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Sexual motivation (age dist. not random, have multiple paraphilias)
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Where do rapes most often occur?
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Not just once
Neighborhoods in which they reside, night, more than 1 offender, acquaintances |
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What are rape shield laws?
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Protect against myth that victim "asked for it" b/c of clothing, past sexual behavior, being in a risky location
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What are the effects of rape?
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PTSD, long-term psychological distress
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What are the differences between most rapists and date rapists?
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Most: low SES, prior criminal record, sexual abuse, violence, bad caregiving
Date rapists: middle to upper SES, emotionall detached, intoxication, paraphilia |
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What are characteristics of rapists?
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Impulsive, lose temper, insensitive, psychopath
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How often are rapes reported?
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1/4 of time
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What kind of sex offenders have the highest rate of recidivism?
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Sex offenders with deviant sexual preferences; go down wiht age
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What do therapies for sex offenders concentrate on?
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A) Modify pattern of sexual arousal
B) Modify cognitions and social skills C) More approrpriate sexual interactions D) Reduce sexual drive E) Change behavior that increases chance of reoffending |
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What is aversion therapy?
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Modify sexual arousal pattern by pairing paraphilia with averse event
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What is covert sensitization?
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Patient imagines high aversive event while seeing stimulus
OR assisted covert sensitization - foul odor introduce to induce nausea at peak point of arousal |
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How to change arousal to acceptable stimuli?
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Before o, then think of acceptable stimuli
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What is cognitive restructuring?
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Change cognitive distortions, like that child is never consenting, and learn social skills (girls not hard to get)
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Who has best success rate?
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Child molesters and exhibitionists rather than pedophiles or rapists
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What are biological treatments for sex offenders?
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Chemical castration, though relapse high
Or surgical castration |
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What are the 4 phases of sexual response and what can go wrong in sexual dysfunctions?
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A) Desire - fantasies
B) Excitement/arousal C) Ogasm D) Resolution |
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What is hypoactive sexual desire disorder?
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Little or no sexual drive or interest
More in women Psychological vs. physiological Depression? |
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What is sexual aversion disorder?
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Sex becomes psychologically aversive; avoids genital contact
Depression |
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How is age and testosterone affecting sexual response?
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Age goes up, response goes down, maybe b/c less testosterone?
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What are some factors that reduce desire?
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A) SSRIs
B) Low relationship satisfaction, worries, reduced emotional bonding, rape |
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Why do women want to have sex?
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Want more intimacy, increase sense of well-being
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What treatments work for hypoactive sexual desire disorder?
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NOT aphrodisacs
Sensate focus, cognitive restructuring, education, communication training, sexual fantasy training |
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What are sexual arousal disorders (male erectile disorder)?
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Difficulties psychological or psychological + medical (BUT SEE PPTS?)
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Can someone who has a SD due to effects of medical condition or substance be diagnosed?
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NO
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Why are cognitive distractions implicated in male erectile disorder?
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More anxiety (see that distractions, like listening to music), less sexual arousal
Negative thoughts |
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How are antidepressants implicated in MED?
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90% of men on antidepressants get MED
Aging - vascular disease, decreased blood flow |
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What are treatments for MED?
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Viagra (need s.desire though), vaccum pump, implants
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What is female sexual arousal disorder?
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Absence of feelings of sexual arousal or unresponsiveness to stimulation
can't produce swelling |
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Why do females get FSAD?
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Psychological, early trauma, evils of sex, dislike of partner's sexuality, restriction of partner, lower tactile sensitivity
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What does female sexual arousal disorer co-occur with?
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hypoactive sexual desire disorder
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What is treatment for female sexual arousal disorder?
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Psychotherapy, lubricants, relationship building
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What is premature ejaculation?
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Persistent and recurrent onset of with minimal sexual stimulation
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What is most common male SD?
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Premature ejaculation, up until age 59
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What is prevalence of female orgasmic disorder?
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Highest in 21-24 year olds, and decline thereafter
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How does one treat female orgasmic disorder?
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Stop faking it; CBT and directed exercises; relationship therapy
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Why does someone get vaginismus?
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Pain, fear, and avoidance of penetration; result of trauma
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What is dyspareunia caused by?
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Infections of vagina or reproductive organs, vaginal atrophy, scars from vaginal tearing, and insufficient sexual arousal
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How to treat dyspareunia?
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CBT, education, correct maladaptive cognitions, dilation and muscle relaxation
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What is malingering/factitious disorder?
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Malingering - exaggerate physical symptoms to avoid work
Factitious - intentionally produces symptoms, but for no incentive vs. Somatoform or dissociative - no control over symptoms |
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DSM IV for Hypochondriasis?
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A) Fear or having sickness but no organic basis; nitpick about minor physical abnormalities and vague/ambiguous physical sensations
B) Preoccupation persists despite doctor evaluation; might shop around for different doctors C) Distress D) 6 mo |
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What is prevalence of hypochondriasis?
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2-7%; early adulthood; equal rates of men and women; chronic
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What is hypochondriasis related to (another mental disorder)?
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Anxiety - misinterpret what they perceive or get anxious based on ppast experiences; make everything a lot bigger than it actually is; healthy doesn't mean being symtom free; see self as weak
Anxiety fuels physiological symptoms |
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During childhood, what did most hypochondriacs have?
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More sickness
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Ironically, what happens when hyponchondriacs get a real medical diagnosis?
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Their hyponchondriacal tendencies go down
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What is treatment for hypochondriasis?
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CbT - modify misinterpretations of symptoms and way they perceive sensations; stop checking bodies; SSRIs
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DSM criteria for somatization disorder?
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A) Many physical complaints before age 30, occur over several years
B) 4 pain symptoms (head, stomach, during sexual intercourse, joints, etc.); 2 gastrointestinal symptoms other than pain (vomiting, nausea, diahrehea); 1 sexual (indifference, weird menstrual, and vomiting) and 1 pseudoneurological symptom (loss of sensation, seizures) |
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What is prevalence of somatization disorder?
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1) Adolescence
2) Women 3) Less education 4) Low SES 5) Co occurs with depression, panic, anxiety, phobias, etc. |
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What are causal factors of somatization (in addn to ones discussed in class?)
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Neuroticism
Gain social reinforcement and avoid responsibilities Disorganized and uncohesive families Lower physical activity -> increase bodily sensations about which to catastrophize Cortisol - physiological arousal |
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How does a doctor treat somatization?
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Avoids unnecessary diagnostic and minimally uses drugs
Change cognition and reduce secondary gain |
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DSM for Pain Disorder?
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A) Pain
B) Distress C) Psychological factors - important role in pain D) Not produced or feigned |
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What is prevalence of pain disorder?
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A) Women
B) Comorbid with anxiety/mood disorderes C) Inactivity -> Depression, loss of physical strength and endurance D) Reinforced by attention |
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How to treat pain disorder?
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CBT, antidepressants, relaxation techniques
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What is DSM conversion disorder?
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Deficits affecting sensory or voluntary motor functions -> neurological condition?
Paralysis or seizures Showed little anxiety and fear that real do though - cannot be explained by medical condition Psychological factors Not intentionally produced or feigned |
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What is primary vs. secondary gain?
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Primary - escape or avoidance of stress
Secondary gain - attention from loved ones, financial compensation |
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Why is there a decreasing prevalence of conversion disorder?
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Growing knowledge of medicine
More likely to occur in lower SES |
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Prevalence of conversion?
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SES
Women Early adolescence Chronic couse Co-occurs with depression |
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What are the range of conversion symptoms?
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A) Sensory - can't hear or see, anaesthesias
B) Motor - can't move; talk only a whisper, difficulty swallowing C) Seizures - no EEG though, excessive thrashing but don't fall or lose control over their bowels or bladder D) Mixed |
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Why do people think they are blind etc. in conversion?
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Sensory input registered but screened from explicit conscious recognition
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How can you distinguish between conversion and organic?
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A) Symptoms not conforming to symptoms of disease
B) Selective nature C) Hypnosis - can be removed |
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How to treat conversion?
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behavioral approach
remove reinforcements hypnosis |
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How can you tell between factitious/malingering and somatoform disorders?
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latter - discuss a lot, in detail, victims
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What is BDD's DSM?
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A) Perceived or imagined flaw
B) Preoccupation - distress or impairment |
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What are the main problems of people with BDD?
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99% have interference with social functioning
95% avoidance, depression 90% interference with work or academics 64%: suicide |
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What are the co-morbid mental disorders with BDD?
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Social phobia, and OCD - rituals like mirror-checking, camouflage, comparing self to others
Serotonin implicated in OCD and BDD Same treatments work for OCD and BDD |
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How is BDD different from other eating disorders?
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While both - ditorted image of body
BDD - look normal yet are obsessed with appearance Anorexia - satisfied with appearance |
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Why is BDD understudied?
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Most never seek treatment, or just seek plastic surgeons who don't refer them
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What are causal factors of BDD?
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Neuroticism
Sociocultural context Teased, neglected, or abused Interpret ambiguous faces as angry/contemptuous more than controls Bias for extracting details of faces |
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What is treatment for BDD?
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SSRIs
CBT - change distorted perceptions during anxiety and prevent checking responses |
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What are dissociative disorders?
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Remembering things they cannot consciously recall (implicit memory) yet can't report that they have seen or heard them (implicit perception)
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What is depersonalization disorder DSM?
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Persistent or recurrent experiences of being detached or out of one's body
Reality testing remains intact Causes significant distress or impairment |
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What is wrong with emotional experiences during depersonalization?
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Emotional experiences are reduced at neural and subjective level
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What does depersonalization co-occur with?
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Anxiety and mood disorders
Chronic Schizophrenia, borderline personality, panic, acute stress, PTSD implicated |
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What is dissociative amnesia?
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Inability to recall personal information yet not accounted for by ordinary forgetting
Memory: episodic (events experienced) and autobiographical (personal events experienced) disrupted |
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What is dissociative fugue?
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Defense by actual flight, travel away from home and inability to recall past; confusion about personal identity
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How is compromised episodic or autobiographical memory shown in the activation of brain areas?
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Right frontal and temporal brain areas not activated
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How does implicit memory work?
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Might dial a person's number, produce names correctly, learn German quickly
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What is DID DSM?
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A) 2 or more alters, with different way to relating to self
B) at least 2 take dominance 3) inability to recall personal info that can't be explained organically |
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What is co-occurence of DID?
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Depression, PTSD, substance use, borderline, hallucinations
Females - abuse? |
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How is implicit memory tested in those with DID to show that implicit memory is still intact?
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Learn word pairs more easily
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How is it shown that people with DID are not actively suprressing an identity?
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Or else no memory transfer or leakage of implicit memory
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What is post-traumatic theory of DID?
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Abuse -> fantasy is DID
Maybe more fantasy -> more prone to DID? |
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What are criticisms of the sociocognitive theory?
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Short-lived, lab conditions; no studies shown that depersonalization, memory lapses, and hallucinations can occur under lab conditions
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How can one treat DID?
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Hypnosis, safe environment, successful integration of alters into 1 identity
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What are stressors?
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External demands
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What is stress?
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Effects stressors create
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What are coping strategies?
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Ways to deal with sress
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What is distress?
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Bad stress
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What are factors that allow someone to better handle stress?
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Optimism
Psychological control or mastery Self esteem Better social support ll HTTLPR gene Fewer stressful experiences (cortisol keeps going up each time) Cognitions - thinking if someone is ignoring you vs. just busy |
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What are people most stressed by?
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Things that are unpredictable and uncontrollable
Important aspects of a person's life, timing, severity, and chronicity |
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What is a crisis?
|
Stressful situation threatens to exceed or exceeds adaptive capacities of a person or a group
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What can moderate the effects of a trauma?
|
Perceiving benefits from a disaster, like growing closer to family
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What systems are involved in stress?
|
Sympathetic-adrenomedullary system - fight or flight response
a) hypothalamus -> adrenal glands -> adrenal glands release adrenaline to increase heart rate Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical system a) hypothalamus releasees a hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, stimulating pituitary. pituitary secretes adrenocortiotrophic hormone Hormone induces adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoid stress hormone, cortisol |
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Good/bad of cortisol?
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Good: prepares for fight or flight and INHIBITS immune response
Can damage brain cells, increase allostatic load (stressed and feeling pressured), aggravate disorders |
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Who catches a cold?
|
Those who develop colds are those with lots of friends and higher levels of negative events; not stressed, though, being popular is better
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What are cytokines?
|
Macrophages release interleukins (cytokines) to activate T-cells (a type of white blood cell) to engulf antigens
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What is the link between AIDS and stress?
|
Greater stress, lower social support, and denial -> more rapidly get AIDS
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What stressors have been linked to immunosuppression?
|
A) Sleep deprivation
B) Marathon running C) Spaceflight D) Caregiver for a dementia person E) Death of a spouse F) Depression |
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What is IL-6 also linked to?
|
HIGH:
Cancers, cardiovascular disease, aging LOW: Church attendance |
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Who catches a cold?
|
Those who develop colds are those with lots of friends and higher levels of negative events; not stressed, though, being popular is better
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What effect does lack of optimism have?
|
Accelerates heart attacks
|
|
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What are cytokines?
|
Macrophages release interleukins (cytokines) to activate T-cells (a type of white blood cell) to engulf antigens
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What effect does negative affect have?
|
Increased mortality, osteoporosis, decline in muscle strength
|
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What is the link between AIDS and stress?
|
Greater stress, lower social support, and denial -> more rapidly get AIDS
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What does positive psychology say to do?
|
Laugh more, have more compassion, gratitude, humor, spirituality, forgiveness
|
|
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What stressors have been linked to immunosuppression?
|
A) Sleep deprivation
B) Marathon running C) Spaceflight D) Caregiver for a dementia person E) Death of a spouse F) Depression |
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What is hypertension?
|
Stress -> vessels constrict and blood flows in greater quantity outward to muscles of trunk and limbs -> heart must work harder
Persisting high BP AA have highest; sodium wether or not anger is communicated constructively - lower BP and lower anxiety |
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|
What is IL-6 also linked to?
|
HIGH:
Cancers, cardiovascular disease, aging LOW: Church attendance |
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What is a risk factor for developing CHD?
|
Depression; anxiety; small social support and social isolation
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What effect does lack of optimism have?
|
Accelerates heart attacks
|
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|
What effect does negative affect have?
|
Increased mortality, osteoporosis, decline in muscle strength
|
|
|
What does positive psychology say to do?
|
Laugh more, have more compassion, gratitude, humor, spirituality, forgiveness
|
|
|
What is hypertension?
|
Stress -> vessels constrict and blood flows in greater quantity outward to muscles of trunk and limbs -> heart must work harder
Persisting high BP AA have highest; sodium wether or not anger is communicated constructively - lower BP and lower anxiety |
|
|
What is a risk factor for developing CHD?
|
Depression; anxiety; small social support and social isolation
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Did CBT reduce mortality in patients?
|
No, thought it alleviated depression
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What things can help someone stay healthy (psychological interventions)?
|
Writing expressively about problems, biofeedback procedures to be more aware of heart rate, relaxation, meditation, CBT
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