Test 3 - Basal Ganglia

Front 1

What tract travels from the cortex to the spinal cord?

Back 1

lat. corticospinal

Front 2

What tract travels from red nucleus to the spinal cord?

Back 2

rubrospinal tract

Front 3

What tract travels from the cortex to the spinal cord and innervates bilaterally?

Back 3

anterior corticospinal

Front 4

What tract travesl from the vestibular nuclei to spinal cord?

Back 4

vestibulospinal tract

Front 5

What travels from the tectum to the spinal cord?

Back 5

tectospinal cord

Front 6

What tract is responsible for audiovisual reflexes and starts in the superior colliculus?

Back 6

tectospinal tract

Front 7

What tract travels from the reticular formation to the spinal cord?

Back 7

reticulospinal tract - from the medial zon (aff and eff generating patterns)

Front 8

Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate?

Back 8

in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain

Front 9

T/F the rubrospinal tract functions the same as the lat. corticospinal

Back 9

True - synapses on LMN

Front 10

Where does the vestibulospinal tract synapse?

Back 10

to alpha motor neurons of trunk and cervical region - reflex

Front 11

Is there a lateral and medial Vestibulospinal tract? or only one/other.

Back 11

TWO - one starts in medial vestibular nucleus and other in lateral vestibular nucleus - synpase in cervical spinal cord

Front 12

What spinal cord segments do the tectospinal tract and reticulospinal tract synapse in?

Back 12

In the cervical spinal cord

Front 13

What tract goes from the superior colliculus to the cervical spinal cord?

Back 13

tectospinal tract

Front 14

What starts in the pontine and medullary reticuloformation and synpases in cervical spinal cord?

Back 14

reticulospinal tract

Front 15

What tract has programmed inherent motor mvts?

Back 15

reticulospinal tract

Front 16

The cortex projects to the cerebellum via the ________.

Back 16

pons - pontocerebellar

Front 17

The cerebral cortex projects to the basal ganglia. T/F

Back 17

True

Front 18

How does the basal ganglia project to the cerebral cortex?

Back 18

via the thalamus

Front 19

Is the basal ganglia projection to the cerebral cortex usually inhibitory or excitatory?

Back 19

inhibi

Front 20

is the cerebellum projection to the cortex usually excitatory or inhib?

Back 20

excite

Front 21

What four nuclei comprise the basal ganglia?

Back 21

caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (2)

Front 22

Where does the basal ganglia get it's input?

Back 22

from the cerebral cortex

Front 23

Where does the basal ganglia send it's output?

Back 23

to the RF, RN (brainstem) - and cerebral cortex via (VA) of thalamus

Front 24

The Pyramidal system is considered _______- mvt.

Back 24

voluntary

Front 25

The extra pyramidal system is considered __________ mvt.

Back 25

all other

Front 26

When you have a basal ganglia dysfunction you have ______ disorders

Back 26

mvt.

Front 27

Hypokinesia and Hyperkinesia are types of _______ disorders.

Back 27

mvt.

Front 28

reduced movement

Back 28

hypokinesia

Front 29

increased mvt.

Back 29

hyperkinesia

Front 30

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Back 30

procedural memory

Front 31

Notice that the anterior aspect of the caudate is larger than the posterior part, why is this?

Back 31

because it receives more input from the frontal lobe into the caudate.

Front 32

What neurotransmitter does substantia nigra and ventral teg area produce?

Back 32

dopamine

Front 33

What structures is damaged when you have Parkinson's disease?

Back 33

substantia nigra, - dec. in number of dopamine producing neurons

Front 34

T/F the Substantia nigra 'modulates' the output of the basal ganglia

Back 34

true

Front 35

What comprises the corpus striatum?

Back 35

caudate and putamen

Front 36

What makes up the pallidum

Back 36

globus pallidus (2)

Front 37

what makes up the lentiform nucleus?

Back 37

globus pallidus and putamen

Front 38

What lobe/system influences learning memory emotion, and interpretation?

Back 38

limbic

Front 39

T/F the caudate is assocaited with the limbic system.

Back 39

true

Front 40

T/F the putamen deal with the motor and sensory cerebral cortex

Back 40

true

Front 41

What does the nucleus accumbens do?

Back 41

connects the caudate and putamen at the rostral end

Front 42

The limbic associate structures includ

Back 42

caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens

Front 43

T/F the basal ganglia is related to muscle tone

Back 43

True

Front 44

So, if you decrease inhibitory to thalamus from GP you ___________ excitatory out cortex and produce mvt.

Back 44

increase

Front 45

The message from the cortex to the striatum is ________- (+/-)

Back 45

+

Front 46

The message from the striatum to the globus pallidus is (+/-)

Back 46

-

Front 47

the message from the g.p to the VA of the thalalmus is (+/-)

Back 47

inhib

Front 48

The message from the thalamus to the cortex is

Back 48

excit

Front 49

The neostriatum of the b.g. consists of?

Back 49

caudate, putamen

Front 50

The paleostriatum consists of?

Back 50

globus pallidus

Front 51

What does the nigrostriatal pathway carry?

Back 51

from substantia nigra to the striatum

Front 52

The subthalamus sends _____ input to the G.P. and S.N.

Back 52

excite

Front 53

What are the four principal nuclei?

Back 53

Striatum (caudate and putamen) - clobus pallidus - substantia nigra - subthalamic nucleus

Front 54

How does the basal ganglia influence ONGOING mvt?

Back 54

b/c g.p. has output to thalamus>cortex, RN>rubrospinal, sub nigra>nigrastriatal, subthalamic>gp (cross talk)

Front 55

Basal ganglia is the highest extra-pyramidal system and is related ____________ and ________

Back 55

muscle tone and body positioin

Front 56

What parts of the extra-pyramidal does the cerebral cortex project to?

Back 56

caudate, putamen, SN and reticular form, globus pallidus

Front 57

What comprises the thalamic fasciculus?

Back 57

the lenticular fasciculus and ansa lnticularis

Front 58

Which tract involved in the thalamic fasciculus goes to the thalamus in a round about way?

Back 58

ansa lenticularis

Front 59

From where to where does the thalamic fasciculus go?

Back 59

from the globus pallidus to the VA of the thalamus

Front 60

what type of tremor do Parkinson pt. have?

Back 60

resting tremor, (because no modulation by substantia nigra so have 'backround' mvt. from b.g. but because extrapyramidal can be overriden, when the patient uses pyramidal system and moves, tremor is gone.

Front 61

What pathway (indirect/direct) affects the body position, balance, and muscle tone?

Back 61

indirect

Front 62

name some indirect pathways

Back 62

reticulo, vestibulo, rubro, tecto, and tegmento

Front 63

When discussing direct vs. indirect pathways, which one is the accelertor and which one is the brakes?

Back 63

direct: accelerator - promotes motor activity
Indirect: brakes - inhibits motor activity

Front 64

The ________ pathway is normally more active, but motor mvt. is a balance struck between the two which both work constantly

Back 64

indirect

Front 65

________ is when you have a decreased amplitude of movement (less mvt.

Back 65

hypokinesia

Front 66

Striatal deficit

Back 66

no dec. in globus pallidus activity - inhibited thalamus - no mvt.

Front 67

intact, function indirect pathway (from cortex and lateral pallidum)

Back 67

subthalamus excited pallidium - inhibt thalamus

Front 68

decreased speed of mvt (slowed mvt)

Back 68

bradykinesia

Front 69

Why would someone have bradykinesia?

Back 69

becuase of activation of antagonistic muscles
because disrupted cortical activiation

Front 70

absence of movement

Back 70

akinesia

Front 71

what would someone have akinesia?

Back 71

failure to plan and generate movement

Front 72

When you have a decreases in dopamine from the substantia nigra the net effect in thalamalcortical activity is:

Back 72

decrease in thalamalcortical activity

Front 73

What signs and symp do you see with parkinson's pt.

Back 73

hypokinesis: reduction in spontaneous mvt, rigidity: increase in flexor tone, bradykinesia - slowness of mvts, masked facies, shuffling gait
hyperkinesis: resting tremor - pill rolling syndrome

Front 74

What treats parkinsons?

Back 74

L-Dopa, electrical stimulation, ablation of medial GP, transplantation into lateral ventricle(ideal location), TX-MAO inhib (necessary for MPP+ pathway)

Front 75

What creates parkinsons?

Back 75

MPTP - MPP+ - kills dopaminergic cells - parkinsons

Front 76

Does L-Dopa always work?

Back 76

works for awhile and then get sympt again when body adjusts

Front 77

Dopamine stimulates the ______ ______ from the b.g. to the reticular formation.

Back 77

damping effect

Front 78

without a damping effect what happens to muscles?

Back 78

increased muscle tension and tremor (because reticular formation does flexors and extensors)

Front 79

Hyperkinesia can take different forms of dyskinesias

Back 79

ballismus, choreiform, athetoid

Front 80

choreiform

Back 80

Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement.

Front 81

athetoid

Back 81

A variety of chorea, marked by peculiar tremors of the fingers and toes

Front 82

involuntary, irregular, purposeless, abrupt, rapid, unsustained movements that flow from one body part to another

Back 82

chorea (dance)

Front 83

What causes chorea?

Back 83

Huntington's disease(glutamate excitotoxicity)
Sydenham's chorea
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Rheumatic fever

Front 84

Chorea is a result of loss of _______ergic neurons in the _______.

Back 84

GABA, striatum

Front 85

When there is loss of neuron in participating in the indirect pathway, what is the result?

Back 85

no inhibition of lateral GP so, inhibition subthalamus, so no excitation of medial GP, so no inhibition of thalamus leads to random irregular, bursts of activity form cortex - dance

Front 86

Large, amplitude flinging, flailing movements from limbs

Back 86

ballism

Front 87

What causes ballism?

Back 87

due to damage of subthalamic nucleus

Front 88

When you lose subthalamus excitation to medial GP what is the result?

Back 88

decreased medial GP inhib to thalamus and increased large magnitude cortical activity

Front 89

SLow writhing, continuous mvt

Back 89

athetosis

Front 90

What is damaged when athetosis is seen? how could this occur?

Back 90

striatum, often results from damage to the striatum during childbirth - similar to chorea

Front 91

Overall hyperkinesia are a result of disruption of the indirect pathway; resulting in loss of excitation from the subthalamus to the medial GP; thus an _ in flow from the thalamus to the cortex - unmodulated

Back 91

increase

Front 92

involuntary, simple or complex movement that burst forth

Back 92

tics (habit spasms)

Front 93

When do you see tics in individuals?

Back 93

when nervous, unwanted motor activity

Front 94

Do tic involve a large or small muscle group?

Back 94

smalle

Front 95

What muscle groups may be involved in tics?

Back 95

eyes or eyelids, vocal control (coprolalia and tourette), throat muscles (coughing or throat clearing), other (sniffing)

Front 96

Which basal nuclei is assocatied with tics?

Back 96

caudate nucleus - activation of direct pathway

Front 97

and _____ tremor is often familial, usually seen during volition mvt. may involve hands neck, speech.

Back 97

essential

Front 98

Is an essential tremor produced in the basal ganglia?

Back 98

no

Front 99

Why would you see an essential tremor?

Back 99

probably due to dysfunction of basilar pons - cerebellum

Front 100

What is a temporary fix for an essential tremor?

Back 100

drinking, increases GABA in cerebellum - calms movement: short acting
Nucleus accumbens - amygdala

Front 101

All inhibition is done by what neurotransmitter?

Back 101

GABA

Front 102

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?

Back 102

glutamate

Front 103

If you inhibit the indirect pathway, what is most likely the result? hyper or hyp kinesia?

Back 103

hyperkinesia