Test 3

Front 1

Genome

Back 1

The sum total of genetic material of an organism

Front 2

Chromosome

Back 2

A discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule; circular in prokayiotic organisms and double stranded in eukaryotic organisms

Front 3

Gene

Back 3

Classical term- the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait in an organism

Biochemical term- a site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function

Front 4

Genotype

Back 4

An organisms distinctive genetic makeup

Front 5

Phenotype

Back 5

The expression of the genotype created traits

Hint 5

Blue eyes or brown hair

Front 6

Palindrome

Back 6

Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and the 5' to 3' direction on the other strand

Front 7

Semiconservative Replication

Back 7

In DNA replication, the synthesis of paired daughter strands, each retaining a parent strand template.

Front 8

Helicase

Back 8

"Unzipping" the DNA

Front 9

Primase

Back 9

Synthesizing an RNA primer

Front 10

DNA Polymerase III

Back 10

Adding bases to the new DNA chain; proofreading the chain for mistakes

Front 11

DNA Polymerase I

Back 11

Removing primer, closing gaps, repairing mismatches

Front 12

Ligase

Back 12

Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

Front 13

Topoisomerases I and II

Back 13

Supercoiling and untangling

Front 14

Introns

Back 14

The segments on split genes of eukaryotes that do not code for polypeptides.

Front 15

Sterilization

Back 15

Process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms (including viruses)

Hint 15

Autoclave

Sterilant Chemical

Front 16

Disinfection

Back 16

Physical process or a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores; removes harmful products of microorganism (toxins) from material

Hint 16

Bleach

Iodine

Heat- boiling

Front 17

Decontamination/Sanitization

Back 17

Cleansing technique that removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contaimination to safe levels

Hint 17

Soaps

Detergents

Commercial Dishwashers

Front 18

Antisepsis/Degermation

Back 18

Reduce the number of microbes on human skin; a form of decontamination but on living tissue

Hint 18

Alcohol

Surgical Hand Scrubbing

Front 19

Physical Control of microbes

Back 19

Changing the physical environment that the microbes live in so they either die, or their numbers are diminished.

Hint 19

Boiling, high heat, or radiation

Front 20

Chemical Control of microbes

Back 20

Treating the microbe with a chemical to kill it or slow its growth

Hint 20

Antiseptics-only on living tissue

Disinfectants- inanimate objects

Front 21

Mechanical Removal

Back 21

Removing the microbe from the enviornment completely or partially

Hint 21

Filtration

Air cleaners

Water filters

Front 22

Bactericide

Back 22

Kills bacteria but not spores

Front 23

Fungicide

Back 23

Kills fungal spores, hyphae, and yeast

Front 24

Virucide

Back 24

Inactivates viruses

Front 25

Sporicide

Back 25

Kills bacterial endospores

Front 26

Germicide

Back 26

Kills pathogenic microbes

Front 27

Bacteriostatic

Back 27

Prevent the growth of bacteria on the surface or tissue or objects

Front 28

Sepsis

Back 28

The growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues

Front 29

Asepsis

Back 29

Any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection

Front 30

Antispetics

Back 30

Chemicals applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

Front 31

Critical level of microbial control

Back 31

Items expected to come in contact with sterile tissue; ex: syringe needle or artificial hip

Front 32

Semicritical level of microbial control

Back 32

Items that contact mucosal membranes; ex: an endoscopy tube

Front 33

Noncritical level of microbial control

Back 33

Items that do not touch the patient or are expected to touch intact skin; ex: bp cuffs or crutches

Front 34

Microbial Death

Back 34

Loss of ability to reproduce in ideal environment

Front 35

Cellular targets of microbial control

Back 35

Cell wall- blocking synthesis or degestion of wall

Cytoplasmic Membrane- changes permiability

Nuclic Acid &/or Protein Synthesis- stops DNA replication &/or inhibit protein synthesis

Proteins- denaturing proteins & stop interactions with substrates

Front 36

Microbial control methods

Back 36

Dry Heat- Oven

Moist Heat - steam & pressure; Autoclave

Boiling Water- effective for vegatative cells but not spores

Pasturization- reduce the microbe load w/o destroying product;

Cold- only slows microbial growth

Desiccation - dry or dehydrate

Radiation - must use short wave length

Cavitation- sound waves used to break apart microbes

Front 37

Thermal Death Time (TDT)

Back 37

Shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature

Front 38

Thermal Death Point (TDP)

Back 38

Lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes

Front 39

Halogens

Back 39

Highly microbiocial and sporicidal; ex: chlorine & Iodine

Front 40

Phenols

Back 40

Very common antimicrobial in soap, detergents, & kitty litter; ex: Triclosan - organic & only trace amounts are needed

Front 41

Alcohols

Back 41

Used in degerming skin, cleaning electrodes, & thermometers; ex: Ethanol & Isoproyl

Front 42

Ethylene Oxide

Back 42

Gas used in a sterilizer that affects Guanine, therefore disrupts replication and enzyme production

Front 43

Exons

Back 43

Coding regions of genes that will be translated into proteins

Front 44

Operon

Back 44

Coordinated set of genes which are regulated as a single unit

Front 45

Inducible Operon

Back 45

The operon is turned on (induced) in the presense of a substrate; ex: Lac Operon

Front 46

Repressible Operon

Back 46

An operon is repressed by the over production of the the substrates product

Front 47

Regulator

Back 47

Protein that controls the operon

Front 48

Control Locus

Back 48

Comprised of promoter and operator

Front 49

Structural Locus

Back 49

Code for the proteins that need to be turned on and off

Front 50

Conjugation

Back 50

Requires the attatchment of two related species and the formation of a bridge (pilus) that can transport DNA

Front 51

Transformation

Back 51

The transfer of naked DNA and requires no special vehicle

Front 52

Transduction

Back 52

The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via a bateriophage

Front 53

Wild Type

Back 53

A microorganism that exhibits a natural, nonmutated characteristic

Front 54

Mutant Strain

Back 54

A microorganism that has a mutation

Front 55

Induced Mutation

Back 55

Result of the exposure to known mutagens, which are primarily physical or chemical agents that interact with DNA in a dusruptive manner

Front 56

Point Mutation

Back 56

Addition, deletion, or substitution of single bases

Front 57

Missense mutation

Back 57

Any change in the code that leads to placement of a different amino acid

Front 58

Nonsense Mutation

Back 58

Change of a normal codon to a STOP codon

Front 59

Back-mutation

Back 59

Occurs when a gene that has undergone mutation reverse (mutates back) to its origional base composition

Front 60

Inversion Mutation

Back 60

Entire codon is reversed

ex: GAC --> CAG

Front 61

Mutagen

Back 61

Causes a DNA mutation

Front 62

Carcinogen

Back 62

Causes Cancer

Front 63

Taratogen

Back 63

Causes birth defects

Front 64

Restriction Endonucleases

Back 64

Enzymes from bacteria; recognize foreign DNA and are capable of breaking the phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides on both strands of DNA, leading to a break in the DNA strand.

Front 65

Ideal Antimicrobial Drug

Back 65

Toxic to microbe but not host

Relatively Soluable

Remains active in tissues & fluids

Reasonably priced

Front 66

Chemotheraputic Drug

Back 66

Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease

Front 67

Prophylaxis

Back 67

Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk

Front 68

Antimicrobial chemotherapy

Back 68

The use of chemotheraputic drugs to control infection

Front 69

Antimicrobials

Back 69

All-inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug, reguardless of its origin

Front 70

Antibiotics

Back 70

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganism that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

Front 71

Semisynthetic Drugs

Back 71

Drugs that are chemically modified in the labratory after being isolated from natural sources

Front 72

Synthetic Drugs

Back 72

Drugs produced entirely by chemical reactions

Front 73

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

Back 73

The smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth

Front 74

Theraputic Index (TI)

Back 74

Defined as the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective dose

Toxic Dose ÷ Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Front 75

Cell Wall Inhibitors

Back 75

Penicillian

Cephalosporins

Vancomycin

Front 76

Cytoplasmic Membrane inhibitors

Back 76

Polymyxins

Daptomycin

Front 77

DNA/RNA inhibition

Back 77

Quinolones

Front 78

Folic Acid Synthesis inhibitors

Back 78

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

Front 79

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Back 79

Erythromycin

Gentamicin

Tetracyclines

Front 80

Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

Back 80

Enzymes break down antibiotic

Change in membrane receptor shape

Drug is pumped out of cell

Alter binding site shape on Ribosomes to continue protein production

Alternate metabolic pathways form

Front 81

Superinfection

Back 81

Microbe species that were once small on numbers begin to overgrow and cause disease; ex: thrush from antibiotics for a UTI