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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the four desirable criteria for antibiotics?
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1. selective toxicity
2. not produce hypersensitivity 3.M.O not become easily resistant 4. solubility in body fluids, durability |
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What are the four things on antibiotics to do list? called "spectrum of activity"
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1. inhibit cell wall formation
2. Ribosome (protein synthesis) 3. metabolic pathways 4. DNA synthesis |
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Even though people are always looking for new antibiotics....
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even when we find new ones, they still function in the same manner.
(Picking away at the to do list) |
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Viruses function by ...
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using and redirecting our enzymes, to make viruses instead of proteins
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Viruses have few if any of their own enzymes, instead they use ours which is why...
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they are hard to fight off
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What are the two actions of Antimicrobial Drugs?
(How do they work in us?) |
1. Bactericidal> kills some MO
2. Bacteriostatic> don't kill the MO just keep from growing (used most) |
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Bactericidal
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kills some MO
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Bacteriostatic
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don't kill the MO just keep from growing
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What are the two actions of Antimicrobial Drugs?
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Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic |
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How do Antibiotics function through Inhibition of the cell wall synthesis?
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Interfering with the production of peptidoglycan
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What is the 2 ways Antibiotics function through Inhibition of a Protein?
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1. stretomysin
2. tetracycline *both result from Ribosome inhibition |
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stretomysin
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changes the shape of ribosome so the mrna is read wrong
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tetracycline
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inhibit attcahment of trne to mrna, thus no DNA made
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How do Antibiotics function through Inhibiting Nucleic Acid synthesis?
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1. Inhibit unwinding of DNA
ex. Nalidaxic acid blocks DNA gyrase 2. Inhibit DNA polymerase |
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How do Antibiotics function by inhibition of enzyme activity (metabolism)?
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competitive inhibition ex. sulfa drugs prevent folic acid synthesis, which is necessary vitamin for bacteria.
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When using Treatment of Antibiotics you have to?
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do antibiotic susceptibility test
which is the Kirby Bauer test |
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Kirby Bauer test works by?
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isolating bacteria and looking for zone of inhibition
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There are many different Antibiotics that's why, when dealing with bacteria you want to know what your dealing with so...
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you can receive proper antibiotics
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The principle of Antibiotic use is to give a large enntial dose so ...
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of antibiotic to quickly reduce the number of bacteria to manageable levels so that our body can clear up before resistant forms emerge
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Two ways of Resistance in Antibiotics
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1. bacteria produces enzymes that destroy antibiotics Ex. penicillinase
2. inhibits the entry of antibiotic in the cell. so it cant inhibit protein, DNA or enzyme synthesis |
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Two effects of antibiotics use are?
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1. synergistic affect
2. antagonistic affect |
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Synergism
( synergistic affect ) |
a synergistic affect refers to when the therapeutic affect of two drugs taken simultaneously is greater then the sum their individual affect
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a example of a coupled antibiotic for the synergistic affect is?
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penicillin + streptomycin
penicillin inhibits cell wall synthesis so streptomycin can make protein synthesis |
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antagonistic affect
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when the therapeutic effect of two drugs taken simultaneously is less then the sum of their individual affect
EX. penicillin + tetracycline |
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broad spectrum
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refers to Antibiotics that can kill gram + and gram -, sometimes not good because useful normal flora is killed.
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a example of a broad spectrum antibiotics negative affect is ?
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Normal flora keeps yeast from growing in us, but if we take broad spectrum antibiotics that kill many bacteria then it will be easy for yeast to invade other organs.
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narrow spectrum
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can be used in gram - or gram +
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Carolus Linnaeus created what?
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binomial nomenclature
a system of classification giving all bacteria a genus and species |
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Bergey's Manual
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a book with info on all bacteria that has ever been identified
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In order for antibiotic to work best you need a ?
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good immune system, if you have a bad immune system it will not be able to clear resistant forms
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A problem that occurs if a pathogen in our system is eukaryotic its self; like fungus, protozoans, and worms (helminth) is that?
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we both are eukaryotic so it is hard to fight because we have the same pathways.
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Popular antibiotics we use come from these bacteria's ..
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1. Streptomyces (1/2 the A we use)
2. Bacillus 3. Penicillium |
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less then 1% os bacteria from nature can be ....
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cultured
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Classification of bacteria happens through these 6 means?
First 4, are traditional #5 and #6 are more recent |
1. morphological feature
2. differential staining 3. biochemical test 4. serology (rxn with antibodies) 5. protein analysis 6. base composition of nucleic acid |
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Humans have bacteria in their normal flora, but when you are first born you are ?
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germ free
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Hours after birth you acquire your first two bacterias?
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1. actabacillus
2. Escherichia coli |
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the areas of the body with normal floras are?
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skin - eyes - nose - mouth - large intestine & small intestine - lower urinary and genital system
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Normal floras on the skin
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1. staphylococcus aureus
2. staphylococcus epidermis |
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Normal floras in the eyes
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1. staphylococcus aureus
2. staphylococcus epidermis |
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Normal floras in the nose
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neisseria Meningitides
* most affected are college students and miliitary |
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Normal floras in the mouth
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streptococcus mutans
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Normal floras in the large intestine
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Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Shigella
**all three come into contact with fecal matter |
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Normal floras in the lower urinary and genital system
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staphylococcus and psuedomonas
**under normal condition urine should have few if any bacteria |
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All of the bacterial examples of the bodies normal flora are called
OPPORTUNISTIC Pathogens |
because even though they are part of the normal floral and help in their designated place if they go to the wrong spot they can be pathogenic
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the 3 entry ways for bacteria are?
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1. mucus membranes (gastro intestinal + respitory)
2. skin 3. parental route (physical penetration |
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Once in the body bacteria can damage by ..
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1. direst multiplication
2. toxins 3. allergic or hypersensitive reaction |
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In order for bacteria to cause disease in you it must ?
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colonize your tissue
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the three types of toxins are
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exotoxin
enterotoxin endotoxin |
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exotoxin
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release tetanus
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enterotoxin
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small intestine
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endotoxin
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LPS Lippo polysaccharide
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2 bacterial disease of the skin
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staphylococcus
streptococcus |
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staphylococcus aureus antibiotic resistance forms?
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MRSA
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boil or abscess
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localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
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pus
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an accumulation of dead phagocyte and bacteria fluid
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inflammation
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a host response to tissue damage characteriaszed by
redness - pain - heat- swelling |
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Bacterial diseases of the skin
Ex. Impetigo is? |
skin crusted over
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if a newborn 2yrs or younger gets Impetigo it is from?
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staphylococcus aureus
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Scolded skin syndrome is another skin disease a 2yr old or YOUNGER baby can get from?
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staphylococcus aureus
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If you are 2yrs old or OLDER you can get Impetigo from
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streptococcus pyogenes
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B- hemolysis happens if ?
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bacteria grows on a agar plate with clear around it.
Ex. Impetigo a (B hemolytic strep) |
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a ex of flesh eating bacteria is ?
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strepptococcus pyogenes
(new world name Necorotizing Fascitis) skin starts to come off |
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Toxic shock syndrome caused by?
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staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus streptococcus pyogenes |
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Psuedomonas Aeruginosa creates?
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Psuedomonas dermatitis
**which also causes swimmers ear (otitis externa) |
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Conjunctivitis
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inflammation of mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers out surface of eye
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neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia is
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a bacteria a baby gets if mother has chlamydia when baby comes out so they always get a antibiotic put in their eye
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Meninges
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membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, anytime it is inflamed it's called (MENINGITIS)
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Encephalitis
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infection in the brain
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Causes of bacterial meningitis
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1 young adults (NESSERIA MENINGITIS)
2.young children (HIB) 3. streptococcus pneumonia |
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Prevenar
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is a vaccine to prevent bacteria causing meningitis
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Medical term for Mycobacterium Leprae?
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Hansens Disease
***which infects nerve endings and bone is reabsorbed |
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Inactivated toxin is a ?
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Toxeid
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Away to inactivate a bacteria is.
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Take the bacteria and get some toxin it produces treat it with formaldehyde and denature it, unraveling it. thus it's inactivated.
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Closstridium Botulinum makes ?
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Botox - mussels are relaxed and you cant control them.
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