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280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymph system function
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-Carry proteins and fluids (that have leaked out of capillaries) back to the veins
-Absorb fats from the small intestine and bring them back to the blood stream -Defend the body against foreign organisms: -Lymphocytes produce antibodies -Monocytes attack foreign cells and bacteria |
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What organs make up the Lymph system
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-organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymph vessels move lymph to veins
-Includes tonsils, adenoids, spleen, thymus -Major part of body's immune system |
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Lymph fluid
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-flows out of capillary walls to bathe the body tissues
-carries oxygen to cells, carries waste away (CO2) -contains white blood cells -lymph vessels carry lymph away to the lymph duct to be drained so lymph nodes aren't swollen |
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Lymph facts
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-Lymph is the fluid that filters out of capillaries into the spaces between the cells
-fluid that surrounds body cells is called interstitial fluid -lymph is similar to blood (leukocytes, water, sugar, metabolic wastes but doesn't contain erythrocytes, platelets, and has less protein than blood |
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Lymph vessels
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-have thicker walls than capillaries
-contain valves so lymph flows in one direction toward duct (thoracic) -all vessels empty into left thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct--ducts carry lymph into large veins in the neck where lymph enters bloodstream |
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Lymph node
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-mass of lymph cells and vessels surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule
-produce lymphocytes, filter lymph, and trap substances from infections and inflammations -makes immune cells to help fight off infections -when bacteria is detected in lymph, lymph nodes make more lymphocytes--causing them to swell -remove foreign material like cancer cells and bacteria |
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Chyle
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fluid from intestines--contains proteins and fats
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B Cells,
T Cells |
B Cells- produce antibodies
T Cells- attack bacteria and foreign cells |
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Lymph node locations
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-inguinal, cervical, axillary, mediastinal
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Spleen
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-aging erythrocytes are destroyed here by macrophages
-Bacteria and foreign materials are filtered here from blood -B cells are activated by antigens to produce antibodies and T cells are activated to attach to foreign materials |
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Thymus
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important in developing an effective immune system in childhood
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Immune System
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-defends body against foreign substances (toxins, bacteria, foreign RBCs)
-Includes WBCs (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) that are phagocytes found in blood and tissue -Lymphoid organs: spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and their products (antibodies and lymphocytes) |
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Antigen
Pathogen |
substance that body recognizes as foreign
-any virus/bacteria/substance that causes disease |
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Immunity
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protection against diseases--natural and acquired immunity
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Natural Immunity
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-innate
-genetic predisposition -phagocytes -macrophages -NK cells |
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Acquired Immunity
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-development of antibodies against antigens Active: vaccination, transfer of immune cells from a donor, having an infectionPassive: maternal antibodies, immunoglobulin, antitoxins |
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Phagocytosis
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cellular eating and destroying substances--usually by neutrophils and macrophages
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Lymphaden/o
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lymph node (gland)
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Immun/o
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immune, protection
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tox/o
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poison
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Ana-
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again, anew
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-edema
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swelling
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-phylaxis
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protection
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Immunodeficiency (Pathology) |
-severe combined immunodeficiency disease -group of rare, sometimes congenital disorders characterized by little or no immune response -defect in B and T-lymphocytes -bubble boy disease -susceptible to infections -Treatments: bone marrow, stem cell transplant |
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease (Pathology) |
-caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -symptoms and signs that indicate a suppressed immune system -AIDS is characterized as infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems -Ex: Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma -NO CURE: but medications can slow it down *Sexually transmitted infection -protease inhibitors are used to treat AIDS |
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Hypersensitivity (Allergy) |
-abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
-Sensitized person: person who was recently exposed to allergen reacts to a subsequent exposure -mild to severe (anaphylaxis) |
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Lymphoma |
-malignant tumor of lymph nodes and tissue -Hodgkin lymphoma (formerly called disease)--malig tumor of the spleen's lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes -lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, weakness, loss of appetite -Diagnosis made when Reed-Sternberg cells are found in the lymph nodes -high cure rate (chem, radiation, stem cell) *Caused when there's a DNA mutation in B cells--they live past their prime and stay in lymph node. they overcrowd the area and cause signs/symptoms |
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Stage 1 Lymphoma |
Cancer found in one or more lymph nodes in one lymph node group (thymus, spleen) -Waldeyer's ring |
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Stage 2 Lymphoma |
cancer found in two or more lymph nodes below OR above the diaphragm |
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Stage 3 Lymphoma |
cancer found in one or more lymph nodes below AND above diaphragm |
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Stage 4 Lymphoma |
Cancer found outside the lymph nodes throughout one or more organs -in lungs, bone marrow, or spread to lymph nodes far away from that organ |
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Lymphoma (Non Hodgkin) |
malignant tumor originates in the lymphocytes -more common than Hodgkin lymphoma -Ex: follicular lymphoma (collection of lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule) -Ex: large cell lymphoma: large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues -Medicines used for treatment can suppress immune system |
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Malignant Myeloma |
-Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells (composed of plasma cells) -high levels of one of the specific immunoglobulins (IgG) -Symptoms: hypercalcemia (causes excessive thirst, nausea, constipation, confusion) -kidney failure -fatigue -bone damage and fractures (osteolytic/lytic)--appears as punched out spots on X-rays (back, pelvis, skull) -myeloma cells replace oxygen carrying cells in bone marrow -treatment: chemo, bone marrow transplant, radiation |
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Thyoma |
-malignant tumor of the thymus gland -grows slowly -rarely spreads to areas beyond thymus -patients with thyoma usually have autoimmune disorder (myasthenia gravis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) |
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Edema |
-accummulation of excess fluid in intercellular space--can be caused by lymph vessel blockage |
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Pitting Edema |
-edema -when you press on skin, an indent remains |
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Elephantitis |
-edema of lower extremities due to blockage of lymph vessels -caused by filarial worms (filariae) -filariae: small parasitic worms that travel through mosquitoes. they invade tissues as embryos and block lymph vessels when they grow |
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Vaccination |
-administration of weakened or killed pathogen, or protein of pathogen, so body can produce antibodies against it for future protection |
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Immunosuppression |
-usually prescribed for autoimmune disorders -use of chemotherapy or immunosuppressants to interfere with immune system |
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Tolerance |
recognizing and accepting body's own antigens as self -ability for body to fight off infections/antigens before getting sick |
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Autoimmunity |
when one's immune system attacks its own tissues and cells |
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Hypersensitive |
exaggerated response to a stimulus |
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rejection |
immunologic response of incompatibility to a transplanted organ or tissue |
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Systemic |
body as a whole |
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Virulent |
extremely toxic pathogen |
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Immunoelectrophoresis |
-test that measures immunoglobulins in the blood -immunoglobulins are separated by charge-to-mass rations - |
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ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) |
-lab test -a screening that tests for HIV antibodies in blood |
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Western blot |
-lab test that confirms for HIV antibodies |
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CD4+ Cell Count |
-measures the CD4 T cells (T helper cell) count in the blood of patients with AIDS -HIV uses CD4 receptor to latch on to T cell and infect it |
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Blood System functions |
-transport nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from the cells in body -transport hormones from secretion sites to other areas -Protection: transport WBCs and platelets |
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Blood Composition |
-45% formed elements (cells)--erythrocytes RBCs to carry oxygen, leukocytes (WBCs) for immunity, platelets/thrombocytes (clotting--hemostasis), 55% is liquid/plasma--water, dissolved proteins, sugars, wastes, salts, hormones -45% formed elements, 55% plasma -plasma is 91% water, proteins 7%, other solutes 2% |
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Blood Component Count |
-Platelets: 250-400 thousand WBC: 5-9 thousand RBC: 4.2-6.2 million |
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Blood cell formation |
-all blood cells originate in bone marrow -stem cells undergo process of differentiation |
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Hematopoiesis |
-formation of blood cells -hemocytoblast->blast->cyte |
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Erythrocytes |
-during maturation, loses nucleus and forms bioconcave shape -contains hemoglobin (heme: iron containing pigment, globin: protein)--enables erythrocyte to carry oxygen -oxygen + hemoglobin=red color |
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Erythropoietin |
-secreted by the kidney -stimulates the production of erythrocytes -life span of blood cell: 120 days -two to ten mill blood cells are destroyed every second -macrophages break them down |
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Breakdown of hemoglobin |
-broken down by macrophages -Heme->bilirubin, iron-> excreted by liver in bile, reused or stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow -Globin-> protein |
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Leukocytes |
-white blood cells -5 types of mature leukocytes: -Granulocytes: Basophils, Eosinophils, neutrophils -Mononuclear cells: Monocytes, Lymphocytes |
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Basophils |
contains histamine--is released during allergic reactions -contains heparin (prevents clotting) -0-1% |
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Eosinophils |
increase in allergic reactions and engulf substances that trigger the allergic reaction -1-4% -phagocytic |
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Neutrophils |
are phagocytes--accumulate at sites of infection and engulf bacteria -50-70% |
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Monocytes |
phagocytic cell that becomes a macrophage and fights off disease -3-8% |
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Lymphocytes |
make antibodies and destroy foreign antigens 20-40% |
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efgb |
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Thrombocytes or Platelets |
-formed from giant cells in bone marrow called megakaryocytes -tiny fragments break off to form platelets -help blood clot |
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Coagulation |
blood clotting -complicated enzymatic cascade that ends in formation of fibrin clot -platelets begin process -anticogulation substances inhibit clotting when finished |
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Clotting factors |
any of the plasma components involved in clotting |
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Coagulation |
clotting-liquid to solid |
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Fibrin |
-produced by fibrinogen -elastic fibrous protein -needed for clotting |
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Clotting pathway |
Prothrombin->thrombin->fibrinogen->fibrin |
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Injury pathway |
injury -platelet aggregation -tissue, clotting factors, calcium, prothrombin, thrombin -fibrinogen to fibrin clot |
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bas/o |
base, opposite of acid |
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chrom/o, chromat/o |
color |
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cyt/o |
cell |
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granul/o |
granules |
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morph/o |
shape |
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myel/o |
bone marrow, spinal cord |
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path/o |
disease |
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phag/o |
eat, swallow |
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phleb/o |
vein |
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plas/o |
formation, development |
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thromb/o |
clot |
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pro- |
before, forward |
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-apheresis |
removal |
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-blast |
immature cell |
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-cytosis |
sight increase in numbers -condition of cells |
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-emia |
blood condition |
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-globin, -globulin |
protein |
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-oid |
derived from, resembling |
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-penia |
deficiency |
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-phage |
eat, swallow |
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-philia |
attraction for |
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-poiesis |
formation |
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-rrhage |
bursting forth (blood) |
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-sis |
condition, state |
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-stasis |
to stop, control |
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-y |
condition, process |
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Hemolytic |
-pertaining to the rupture or destruction of RBCs |
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Anemia |
deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin |
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Aplastic anemia |
bone marrow doesn't produce enough RBCs -cause is usually unknown |
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Pancytopenia deficiency |
when stem cells don't produce enough WBCs, RBCs, platelets |
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Pernicious Anemia |
-caused by inability to absorb Vitamin B12 -when number of RBCs does down -causes enlargement of individual cells (macrocytes) |
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Iron deficiency Anemia |
-most common type -hemoglobin is unable to transport O2 due to lack of iron |
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Sickle Cell Anemia |
Hereditary -prevalent in black people -Sickle shaped erythrocytes -caused by abnormal hemoglobin (Hgb S) -oddly shaped -can't fit in blood vessel->infarction -Hemolysis -painful |
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Polycythemia |
-increase amount of RBCs -thick/viscous blood -bone marrow is hyperplastic -treatment: plebotomy, myelotoxic drugs to suppress blood cell count |
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Hemophilia |
-inability of blood to clot due to deficiency of a clotting factor -treatment: administer deficient factor |
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Thrombocytopenia |
low levels of platelets in blood -normal platelet count (140-400,000) |
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Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia Purpura |
-body makes antibodies that destroys their platelets -results in bruising and bleeding from mucous membranes |
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Petechiae |
tiny hemorrhages |
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Ecchymoses |
large scale bruise |
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Leukemia |
-increase in number of cancerous WBCs -malignant cells fill bone marrow and blood stream -acute: primarily immature leukocytes -chronic: "" mature "" |
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Composition of blood |
45% formed elements (erythro, leuko, platelets) 55% liquid or plasma (water, salts, hormones, etc) |
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Formation of blood |
-blood cells form in bone marrow -stem cells undergo a process of differentiation |
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-apheresis |
removal |
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-cytosis |
condition of the cell; increase in numbers |
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-oid |
derived from, resembling |
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-poiesis |
formation |
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Pernicious Anemia |
inability of B12 to be absorbed |
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Aplastic Anemia |
bone marrow doesn't produce enough RBCs |
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-penia |
deficiency |
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Pancytopenia |
deficiency in all blood cells (erythro, leuko, platelets) |
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Sickle Cell Anemia |
-oddly shaped -prevalent amongst blanks -caused by abnormal hemoglobin -thrombosis and infarction -hemolysis |
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polycythemia vera |
-too many RBCs -thick blood -treatment: plebotomy, myelotoxic drugs to reduce cell production |
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Hemophilia |
deficiency of clotting factor |
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Thrombocytopenia |
low levels of platelets |
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Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura |
body makes antibodies that destroy platelets -results in bruising and bleeding from mucous membranes |
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Petechiae |
small bruises |
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Ecchymoses |
large scale bruise |
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Leukemia |
malignant cancerous white blood cells -malig leukocytes fill bone marrow and blood stream -acute: primarily immature leukocytes -chronic: prim mature leuk treatment: chemo then blood transfusion |
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Mononucleosis |
infectious disease -increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical nodes -caused by Epstein Barr Virus -symtoms: pharyngitis, lymphadenitis, hepatomegaly splenomegaly -mode of transmission: saliva |
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complete blood count |
automated count of all blood cells |
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
measuring the rate at which RBCS settle at bottom of test tube -increased rate with infection/inflammation |
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Hematocrit |
% of RBCs in a volume of blood |
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RBC count |
used to test number of RBCs to diagnose anemia |
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WBC count |
to diagnose disorders, infections, monitoring treatment |
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Platelet count |
diagnose bleeding disorders |
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Cross-matching |
blood typing test to see compatibility between donor and recipient |
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Prothrombin |
test of the ability for blood to clot |
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WBC differential count |
% of total WBC count made up by different types of leukocytes |
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Apheresis |
separation of blood into component and parts and removal of a selected part (WBCs, platelets, etc) |
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Blood component therapy |
transfusion of specific blood components (plasma, RBCs, platelets) |
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Blood type A |
antigen A -anti-B |
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Blood type B |
antigen B -anti A |
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Blood type AB |
antigen A and B neither anti A or anti B |
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blood type O |
no antigens for A or B -anti A and anti B |
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Rh positive |
antigens D -no anti-D |
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Rh negative |
No D antigen -anti D |
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Autologous blood |
blood donated by the same patient for the future -usually pre-surgical |
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Homologous blood |
blood donated by same species so a compatible recipient can use |
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Bone marrow aspiration |
removal of a small amount of fluid and cells from inside the bone with a needle |
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bone marrow transplant |
transfer of bone marrow from one person to another |
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cardiovascular system |
heart and blood vessels |
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cardiovascular structure |
heart has four chambers and valves -heart wall has three tissue layers heart muscle and tissues are specialized -capillaries allow for gas exchange -veins return blood back to the heart |
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capillaries |
carry blood from arteries/arterioles to body cells |
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-arteries have endothlial cells to reduce blood clotting and promote growth of blood vessels |
efg |
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capillarie walls are only endothelial cells in thickness waste products pass from body cells to caps to venules |
hb |
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superior vena cava |
-brings de-oxygenated blood from body to heart -blood comes from upper body (head and limbs) |
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inferior vena cava |
de-oxygenated blood from lower side of body |
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circulation of blood |
1. inferior/superior vena cava 2. right atrium 3. right ventricle 4. pulmonary artery (de-oxy)->lung caps 5. pulmonary veins (oxy) 6. left artria 7. left ventricle 8. AORTA 9. rest of body |
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Aorta structure |
Ascending aorta is divided into separate arteries (subclavian, brachiocephalic, common carotid) |
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Carotid arteries |
carry oxy-gen blood to head and neck |
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Atrioventricular valves |
between atrium and ventricle -tricuspid (right) -bicuspid (left)p |
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pulmonary valve vs. aortic valve |
jnf |
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Septa |
partitions that separate the four chambers of the heart -interatrial septum: separates two upper chambers -interventricular septum: separates two lower chambers |
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Three layers of the heart |
-endocardium lines interior of the heart and heart valves -myocardium: the middle layer (thickest layer) -pericadium: sac that surrounds the heart |
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Diastole |
relaxation period -ventricle walls relax -blood flows from the vena cava and pulmonary veins "lubb" -closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves |
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Systole |
contraction -ventricles contract -atria relax |
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angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o |
vessel |
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ather/o |
yellowish plaque |
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sphygm/o |
pulse |
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steth/o |
chest |
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thromb/o |
clot |
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-ectasia |
dilation, widening |
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-graphy |
process of recording |
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-ium |
tissue, structure |
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-stenosis |
narrowing, tightening |
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patent |
open or exposed |
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sphygmic |
pertaining to pulse |
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precordial |
pertaining to anterior left chest |
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dysrhythmia |
abnormal heart rhythm |
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Partial heart block |
failure of conduction occurs occasionally |
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complete heart block |
no impulses reach the AV node |
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Flutter |
rapid contractions of the atria -symptomatic of heart disease |
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Fibrillation |
-fast, irregular contractions of the heart |
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Congenital heart disease |
small holes in walls between atria and ventricles -septa are affected -some holes close on their own while others require open heart surgery |
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nitroglycerin |
a vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lower blood pressure |
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aspirin |
used to prevent clumping of platelets |
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beta blockers |
to lower blood pressure and lower spped and force of heart beat |
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artherosclerosis |
buildup of plaque on the inside of artery walls |
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Aortic Stenosis |
narrowing of the aortic valve opening |
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Cardiac tamponade |
increase in fluid in the pericardium->compression of heart |
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Coarctation of the aorta |
narrowing of the aorta causing hypertension, ventricular strain, and ischemia |
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Congestive heart failure |
inefficiency of cardiac circulation causing edema and pulmonary congestion |
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Embolus |
made up of a thrombus -vascular blockage |
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Peripheral arterial disease |
any disorder of arteries outside of the heart |
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Raynaud disease |
vasoconstriction of hands and feet causing cyanosis. caused by cold temps or emotional things |
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Rheumatic heart disease |
rheumatic fever causes valvular disease |
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Aneurysm |
widening of an arterial wall -usually caused by artherosclerosis and hypertension or congenital weakness in a vessel wall -common in aorta |
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varicose veins |
abnormally swollen and twisted veins -usually in leg -caused by damaged valves that don't prevent backflow of blood -blood collects -thrombosis may occur |
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creatine kinase |
enzyme that is released if heart has been damaged by a heart attack - |
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troponin test |
proteins released when heart muscle has been damaged |
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C-reactive protein |
a blood test used to measure the level of inflammation in the body--may indicate conditions that lead to cardiovascular disease |
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electrolyte panel |
a blood test used to measure the ion levels -can diagnose acid-base or pH imbalance that may cause arrhythmias, muscle damage, or death |
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lipid panel, lipid profile |
can measure high/low blood pressure -high density lipoprotein/or low |
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Arteriography |
recording an artery after injection of a dye |
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Angioscopy |
insertion of a catheter with an attached camera to visualize a structure or vessel |
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Doppler sonography |
using sound waves to record velocity of blood flow |
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Echocardiography |
recording the structure and function of the heart at rest and with exercise v |
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vascular sonography |
placing ultrasound transducer at tip of a catheter within a blood vessel to assess blood flo |
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Holter monitoring |
portable ECG that is used for 24 hrs to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
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Cardioversion |
defibrillation -using electricity to restore normal heart beat |
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Endarterectomy |
removal of plaque from artery |
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coronary artery bypass graft |
veins are grafted from leg, arm, or breast and put on the heart to supply heart with oxygenated blood |
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Extracorporeal circulation |
blood circulates through heart-lug machine while heart is being repaired |
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Mitral valve prosthesis |
valve replacement |
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-ectasis |
dilation |
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Larynx |
voice box -air passageway between pharynx and trachea -epiglottis covers upper region of larynx during swallowing -glottis (vocal cords)--vibrate to produce sound |
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trachea |
air passes from larynx to thorax |
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Alveolus |
lined with epithelial cells to allow for gas exchange between alveolus and capillary -erythrocytes carry oxygen to the body and CO2 to the lungs to be exhaled |
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pleura |
double folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the pleural cavity |
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Thorax |
area between neck to diaphragm -formed by sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and ribs |
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Mediastinum |
area of thoracic cavity between lungs -contains aorta, heart, esophagus, thymus, trachea |
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external respiration |
inspiration and exhalation |
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Inspiration |
chest expands -diaphragm contracts |
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expiration |
chest contracts -diaphragm relaxes |
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internal respiration |
exchange of gases between blood and cells |
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ventilation |
distribution of gas into and out of lungs |
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apnea |
temporary absence of breathingd |
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dyspnea |
labored or difficulty in breathing |
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orthopnea |
difficulty breathing when lying down |
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eupnea |
normal respirations |
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hyperpnea |
breathing that is deeper than normal |
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hypoxia |
less than normal oxygen |
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anoxia |
absence of oxygen |
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capn/o |
carbon dioxide |
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cost/o |
rib |
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lob/o |
lobe of lung |
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ox/o |
oxygen |
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phon/o |
voice |
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phren/o |
diaphragm |
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pneum/o |
lung/air |
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spir/o |
breathing |
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tel/o |
complete |
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pan- |
all |
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-osmia |
smell |
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-pnea |
breathing |
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-ptysis |
spitting |
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-sphyxia |
pulse |
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Dysphonia |
pertaining to disorders of the voice |
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Pleurodynia |
pertaining to pain in pleura |
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percussion |
tapping on a surface to determine difference in density below the surface |
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rales (crackles) |
popping or clicking--means that there's fluid in alveoli |
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rhonchi |
rumbling sounds -bronchi is obstructed by sputum (material expelled from bronchi, lungs, resp tract |
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pleural rub |
friction sounds -when pleural surfaces rub against each other |
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stridor |
whistling sound heard during inspiration -obstruction in pharynx or larynx |
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wheeze |
narrowed airway (asthma) |
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Croup |
cough and stridor (whistling when inspirating) -acute viral infection in infants -obstruction of larynx |
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Pertussis (whooping cough) |
-caused by bacterium Bordtella pertussis -acute infectious inflammation of larynx, trachea, bronchi -highly contagious -vaccine preventable -coughing that ends in loud whooping inspiration |
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Asthma |
chronic bronchial inflammation disorder with airway obstruction due to edema and excess mucous -Symptoms: dyspnea, wheezing, coughing |
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Cystic fibrosis |
inherited disorder of exocrine glands -blood test to detect gene -affects cells that produce mucous, sweat, and digestive juices -instead of acting like lubricant, it's a plug |
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Emphysema |
also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -alveoli are progressively destroyed -gradually have loss of breath -leads to increase in pulmonary artery pressure -smoking is leading cause of emphysema -right side of heart works harder to pump blood--right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure |
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Pneumonia |
acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction -alveoli gas exchange is inhibited by exudate (fluid, etc) -INFILTRATE: fluid filled area wtihin the lungs that can be visualized on a chest X ray or CT scan |
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Pneumococcal pneumonia |
form of pneumonia caused by bacterial species Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Pulmonary abcess |
collection of pus in the lungs -bacterial infection |
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Pulmonary edema |
air sacs and bronchioles fill with fluid |
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Atelectasis |
Collapsed lung -causes include blockage (tumor, secretions) of bronchus or smaller bronchial tube |
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Mesothelioma |
malignant tumor of the pleura -caused by asbestos exposure |
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Pneumothorax |
air in the pleural space -may follow trauma |
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acid fast bacilli (ABF) smear |
test to see if bacterium for TB is present |
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Ventilation-perfusion scan |
test used to access distribution of blood flow and ventilation through both lungs |
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Peak flow monitoring |
monitors how well your lungs are working -measures rate of air flow through airways -helps manage asthma symptoms |
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Polysomnography |
monitoring and recording normal and abnormal activity during sleep |
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pulse oximetry |
measurement of oxygen saturation in the blood |
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Spirometry |
measures air flow and volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs using a spirometer |
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Thoracoscopy |
endoscopic examination of the thorax done through a small opening in the chest wall |
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septoplasty |
surgical repair of the sinus |
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-tomy |
incision |
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-stomy |
opening |
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Endotracheal intubation |
tube inserted in the larynx and trachea to establish an airway for breathing purposes |
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Hyperbaric Medicine |
medicinal use of high barometric pressure to increase O2 content of blood and tissues |
