Test 3

Front 1

BELIEF

Back 1

a calm state of mind we wish to stay in, it guides our desires and actions. It indicates a habit of mind.

Front 2

DEDUCTION

Back 2

Carley said in deduction, we use general principles, either derived by induction or asserted as universal postulates, to determine the properties of specific items or to assign them to classes.

Front 3

DOUBT

Back 3

an uneasy state that we struggle to be free of. It stimulates us to act to move to a state of belief. This struggle is called "inquiry."

Front 4

GUIDING PRINCIPLE OF INFERENCE

Back 4

For example, we notice that a disk of copper acts a certain way around a magnet. The guiding principle is that what is true of one piece of copper is true of another.

Front 5

HABIT OF MIND

Back 5

We are led to inferences by our habit of mind, which is good if it leads us to valid inferences. - VIDEO 2 OF 3 week 3

Front 6

IDOLS

Back 6

Francis Bacon described preconceptions we bring to our studies as idols - Carlie pdf

Front 7

IDOLS OF THE TRIBE

Back 7

Foundation is in human nature. Man co-mingles his own nature with nature, distorting it. Francis Bacon - P. 90 Readings. Francis Bacon said the idols of the tribe have their foundation in human nature, in the tribe of 'mankind' It is not true that the human senses are the measure of all things; perceptions of the senses as well as of the mind - reflect the perceiver rather than the world. Mixing the perceiver's own nature with things of nature. - Preface on pdf Human beings have a particular perspective and it is difficult to get out of that perspective - Video 2 on Bacon

Front 8

IDOLS OF THE CAVE

Back 8

are the idols of the individual man. This includes his own individual nature, how he was brought up, books he reads, how his environment affects him. - Preface on pdf Individuals have personal ways of seeing the world - Video 2 on Bacon

Front 9

IDOLS OF THE MARKET PLACE

Back 9

There are also idols formed by men’s agreements and
associations with each other (I think he also refers to implications of individual languages) - Preface on pdf

Front 10

IDOLS OF THE THEATRE

Back 10

Come into men's minds from various philosophical dogmas and laws of demonstration, but science can genrate predicitons about the behavior of systems. - Preface on pdf From philosophy or other bodies of acadmeic bodies of knowledge, we cling to old ways - Video 2 on Bacon

Front 11

INDUCTION

Back 11

The business of prediction and probability, the business that brings us to the point in our knowledge where deduction elimination of mistakes and errors can occure, is induction. Induction leads to probability, not certainty. The example is the hidden thumb. Inductive inference says the thumb should be there.

Front 12

INDUCTIVE REASONING

Back 12

Carley gave an example, Bacon took collections of facts, from his lists he derived general properties of heat. This is purely theoretical induction or inductive reasoning.

Front 13

INDUCTION BY SIMPLE ENUMERATION

Back 13

Involves analogy, generalization, and prediction.

Front 14

INQUIRY

Back 14

THE STRUGGLE TO RELEIVE THE IRRITATION OF DOUBT AND ACHIEVE BELIF. Its sole object is the settlement of opinion.

Front 15

IRRITATION OF DOUBT

Back 15

The irritation to get rid of doubt and achieve belief, like an irritated nerve, it wants relief.

Front 16

METHOD OF SCIENCE

Back 16

Based on objective evidence. There are real things whose characters are entirely independent of our opinions about them. Greater than the method a prori.

Front 17

METHOD A PRORI

Back 17

Greater than method of authority

Front 18

METHOD OF AUTHORITY

Back 18

Enforced teachings from government/religion that one must believe these things or keep quiet. Greater than method of tenacity

Front 19

METHOD OF TENACITY

Back 19

refusing to consider anything that contradicts a currently held belief.

Front 20

PARADIGM

Back 20

Kuhn said is a scientific concept so global and new that it generates whole new sets of problems. The current paradigm will be overthrown and replaced with the new.

Front 21

REASONING

Back 21

The process of finding out, from something we know (a premise,) something else that we do not know (a conclusion.)

Front 22

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Back 22

A series of steps that impose rigor and logic on science. from a set of observations, we generate a hypothesis, conduct experiments, then eliminate or strenghten our hypothesis. The generalization is a theory, or if sufficiently broad and useful enough, a law. - Carley

Front 23

SYSTEMATIC DOUBT

Back 23

Descartes winnowing technic of eliminating belief he could reasonabally doubt.

Front 24

SYLLOGISM, deductive

Back 24

Demand a definite choice between two alternatives (either/or) has two, and only two, valid forms. H v M ~H so M / or H v M ~M so H - Second premise is ALWAYS negative and cancels out one of the premises.

Front 25

SYLLOGISM, hypothetical or conditional

Back 25

If rain then wet street / if wet street then slippery street / therefore if rain then slippery. shortened: If a then b. If b then C. Therefore if a then c.

Front 26

SYLLOGISM, MODUS PONENS

Back 26

A conditional syllogism with a positive consequent. - A sufficient condition. If an arguer says only a certain sufficient condition would return positive, that person commits the formal falacy of denying the antecedent.

Front 27

SYLLOGISM, MODUS TOLLENS

Back 27

A conditional syllogism with a negative consequent. - A necessary condition. clouds are not a sufficient condition for rain. They are a necessary condition. To claim so is to commit the formal fallacy of affirming the consequent.