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121 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
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emotion
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the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physioligical responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
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james-lang theory
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the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulous simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
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cannon-bard theory
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Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2)Cognitively label the arousal
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two-factor theory
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a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
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polygraph
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emotional release. in psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that 'releasing' aggressive energy releaves aggressive urges
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catharsis
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peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
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feel-good, do-good phenomenon
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self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
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subjective well-being
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our tendency to form judgements relative to a neatral level defined by our prior experience
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adaptation-level-phenomenon
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the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
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relative deprivation
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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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motivation
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a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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instinct
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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drive-reduction theory
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a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
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homeostasis
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Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then physiological needs become active
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hierarchy of needs
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a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the petuitary gland, and is linked to emotion
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hypothalamus
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the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. when its levels are low, we feel hunger
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glucose
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the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lower metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
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set point
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the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
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basal metabolic rate
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an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
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bulimia nerviosa
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a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
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sexual disorder
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a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.
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estrogen
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the most important of the male sex hormones. both genders have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the developement of the male sex characteristics during puberty
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testosterone
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an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, or the other sex
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sexual orientation
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a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills
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flow
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th application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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industrial-organizational psychology
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a subfield of I/O psychology tgat focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, trainng, appraisal, and development
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personnel psychology
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a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences of worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
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organizational psychology
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interview process that askks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales
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structured interviews
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a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
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achievement motivation
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goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
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task leadership
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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social psychology
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suggests how we explain someone's behavior- by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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attribution theory
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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fundamental attribution error
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feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects,people,and events.
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attitude
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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role
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
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cognitive dissonance theory
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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conformity
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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normative social influence
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
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norm
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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social facilitation
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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social loafing
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a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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deindividuation
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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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group polarization
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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groupthink
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an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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prejudice
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a generalized belief about a group of people
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stereotype
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
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discrimination
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"Us"- people with whom one shares a common identity
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ingroup
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"Them"- those percieved as different or apart from one's ingroup
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outgroup
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the tendency to favor one's own group
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ingroup bias
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the theory that prejudece offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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scapegoat theory
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the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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just-world phenomenon
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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aggression
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the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
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frustration-aggression principle
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the situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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social trap
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the phenomenen that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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mere exposure effect
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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passionate love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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compassionate love
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a condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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equity
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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self-disclosure
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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altruism
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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bystander effect
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an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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social-responsibility norm
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every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
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environment
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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behavior genetics
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twins who develop from a single fertalized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
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identical twins
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twins who develop from seperate fertalized eggs. they are genetically no closer than bro's and sis's, but they share a fetal environment
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fraternal twins
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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temperment
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the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)
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interaction
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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culture
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. proper behavior
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norm
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
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personal space
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giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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individualism
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giving priority to the goals of one's group (often family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
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collectivism
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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aggression
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the sex chromosome found in both men and women. girls have 2, guys 1. one from each parent makes a girl
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X chromosome
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the sex chromosome found only in males. when paired with X from the mother, it makes a boy
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Y chromosome
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the most important of the male hormones. guys and girls have it, but males have more, so they grow wiener and balls
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testosterone
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a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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role
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a set of expected behaviors for males and for females
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gender role
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one's sense of being a dude, or a chick
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gender identity
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the aquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
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gender typing
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
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social learning theory
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theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
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gender schema theory
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a branch of phycology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
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developmental psychology
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the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and developes into an embrio
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zygote
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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month
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embryo
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the developing human organism from about 9 weeks after conception to birth
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fetus
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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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teratogens
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physical and cognitive abnormalties in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.
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habituation
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biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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maturation
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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schema
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interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas
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assimilation
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adapting ones current understandings (Schemas) to incorperate new information
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accommodation
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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cognition
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in piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 yrs of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory empressions and motor activities
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sensorimotor stage
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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved
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object permanence
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (froma about 2-6) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
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preoperational stage
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the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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conservation
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in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty in taking anothers point of view
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egocentrism
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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theory of mind
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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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autism
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive developement (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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concrete operational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive developement (normally beginning at about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract objects
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formal operational stage
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at about 8 months of age
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stranger anxiety
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing destress on seperation
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attachment
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper developement
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critical period
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the process by which certain animals form attachments dering critical period very early in life
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imprinting
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according to Eric Ericson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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basic trust
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(1) a sense of one's identity and personal worth. (2) all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves,in the answer to the question, "who am I?"
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self-concept
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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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adolescence
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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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puberty
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the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
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primary sex characteristics
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nonreproductive sexual charachteristics, such as female hips and boobs, male voice quality, and body hair
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secondary sex characteristics
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the first menstrual period
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menarche
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one's sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating warious roles
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identity
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in Ericson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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intamacy
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