Test #2 Study Guide Geology

Front 1

Physical (Mechanical) Weathering

Back 1

results in increased surface area for chemical reactions to occur on.

Front 2

Exfoliation Weathering

Back 2

resutls from expansion of plutons that formed under great pressure, but have been exposed by uplift and erosion.

Front 3

Thermal Weathering

Back 3

repeated daily healing and cooling of rock, expand-heat contract-cool

Front 4

Frost Shattering

Back 4

expansion of water when it freezes in cracks can produce enough force to crack rocks

Front 5

Rock Abrasion

Back 5

some force cause 2 rock surfaces to come together causing mechanical wearing and grinding to surface

Front 6

Crystallization

Back 6

as saline water moves into rock fractures and evaporate salt crystals form

Front 7

Chemical Weathering

Back 7

decomposition of parent material to produce new minerals and ions

Front 8

Biological Weathering

Back 8

disintegration of rock and mineral due to chemical and or physical agents of a living organism

Front 9

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

Back 9

1. Weathering
2. Transportation
3. Deposition
4. Compaction
5. Lithification

Front 10

Lithification

Back 10

when rock hardens

Front 11

Clastic(Detrital) Rocks

Back 11

classified according to the size of their sediments

Front 12

Non-Clastic Rocks

Back 12

form from the precipitation of minerals from water or from the breakdown of the shells and bones of organisms.

Front 13

Root Wedging

Back 13

when a tree or other plant sinks its root system into existing rock joints and rock fractures.

Front 14

Major types of Clastic Rocks

Back 14

Sandstone
Conglomerate & Breccia
Shale

Front 15

Clastic Rocks

Back 15

Boulder
Cobble=64-256
Pebble
Sand=0.0625-2
Silt
Clay= 0.002

Front 16

Clastic(Detrital) Rocks

Back 16

classified according to the size of their sediments

Front 17

Non-Clastic Rocks

Back 17

form from the precipitation of minerals from water or from the breakdown of the shells and bones of organisms.

Front 18

Root Wedging

Back 18

when a tree or other plant sinks its root system into existing rock joints and rock fractures.

Front 19

Major types of Clastic Rocks

Back 19

Sandstone
Conglomerate & Breccia
Shale

Front 20

Clastic Rocks

Back 20

Boulder
Cobble=64-256
Pebble
Sand=0.0625-2
Silt
Clay= 0.002

Front 21

Cross Bedding

Back 21

form in any environment where wind or water flows and sand or gravel exists on the bed of the system.

Front 22

Graded Bedding

Back 22

characterized by a progressive decrease in the grain size upward through the bed.

Front 23

Ripple Marks

Back 23

occur due to movement in water and the mark is left behind in the rock; get solidified into rock layers

Front 24

Mud Cracks

Back 24

occur when the water evaporates and the mud begins to lose its moisture.

Front 25

Sole Marks

Back 25

irregularity on the bottom of a rock layer,cast of a depression on the top surface of the immediately underlying rock bed.

Front 26

trace fossils

Back 26

occur when an organism left evidence that it once existed in the fossil record such as a foot print

Front 27

Eolian Environment

Back 27

Desert, arid regions

Front 28

Swamp Environment

Back 28

Shale and Mud, humid region contain plant and tree life in still water condition

Front 29

Lacustrine Environment

Back 29

Lake, non-marine water, low energy

Front 30

Glacial Environment

Back 30

sediment in Glaciers

Front 31

Marine Environment

Back 31

salt water,

Front 32

Shoreline Environment

Back 32

areas along continental edges

Front 33

Fluvial Environment

Back 33

flow of continental water over/ through Earth's surface

Front 34

Phaneritic Texture

Back 34

large crystals that are clearly visible to the eye

Front 35

Aphanitic Texture

Back 35

small crystal texture, result from rapid cooling

Front 36

Porphyritic Texture

Back 36

2 minerals, large difference in grain size

Front 37

Glassy Texture

Back 37

non crystalline, no mineral grains

Front 38

Vesicular Texture

Back 38

vesicles within igneous rock, gas expansion bubbles

Front 39

Pyroclastic Texture

Back 39

numerous grains or fragments welded together

Front 40

Rhyolite

Back 40

extrusive

Front 41

Granite

Back 41

intrusive

Front 42

andesite

Back 42

extrusive

Front 43

diorite

Back 43

intrusive

Front 44

Basalt

Back 44

extrusive

Front 45

Gabbro

Back 45

intrusive

Front 46

Felsic

Back 46

65% highest percentage of silica

Front 47

Intermediate

Back 47

55-65% of silica

Front 48

Mafic

Back 48

45-55% of silica

Front 49

Ultra-Mafic

Back 49

less than 45%, unable to create today because not hot enough

Front 50

Granitization

Back 50

hot batholith pluton alters surrounding rock

Front 51

Stoping

Back 51

detaching pieces of country rock by rising magma. causes batholith to separate layers of country rock such as limestone

Front 52

Dike

Back 52

cut across existing rock layer

Front 53

Sill

Back 53

runs parallel to the existing rock layer

Front 54

Volcanic Pipe/Neck

Back 54

pipe:cylider,connects crater to magma chamber
neck:volcano erodes away and leaves neck

Front 55

Laccolith

Back 55

mushroom-like shape, pushes up surrounding rock but doesn't push through like a volcano

Front 56

Batholith

Back 56

intrusive plutonic structure, felsic/intermediate magma

Front 57

Parent rock

Back 57

Initial rock that gets changed due to metamorphism

Front 58

What happens to the heat and or pressure intensity as the grade of metamorphism increases?

Back 58

creates a new rock

Front 59

Foliated Rocks

Back 59

heated differential pressure causes minerals to arrange in parallel fashion

Front 60

Non Foliated

Back 60

minerals do not show a discerbable preferred orientation, made of mainly 1 mineral

Front 61

___ & ___ of crystals determine what type of foliated texture a rock ha

Back 61

Size and Shape

Front 62

Examples of Foliated Rocks

Back 62

Slate
Phyllite
Schist
Gneiss

Front 63

Examples of non-foliated rocks

Back 63

marble and quartzite

Front 64

Why does metamorphism occur at Convergent Zones?

Back 64

temperature and pressur eincrease in plate collisions

Front 65

Gneiss

Back 65

banded metamorphic rock, foliated,parent rock is igneous

Front 66

Slate

Back 66

fine grained metamorphic rock, smooth, foliated, parent rock is mudstone/shale

Front 67

Marble

Back 67

coarse crystalline rock, contact metamorphism, non-foliated

Front 68

Quartzite

Back 68

hardest metamorphic rock, non-foliated, med/high meta

Front 69

Schist

Back 69

foliated, med/high meta

Front 70

Metaconglomerate

Back 70

high grade metamorphism

Front 71

Marble

Back 71

coarse crystalline rock, contact metamorphism, non-foliated

Front 72

Quartzite

Back 72

hardest metamorphic rock, non-foliated, med/high meta

Front 73

Schist

Back 73

foliated, med/high meta

Front 74

Metaconglomerate

Back 74

high grade metamorphism

Front 75

Fossil

Back 75

Fossils are the remains of creatures which existed long ago. 

Front 76

How old must a fossil be?

Back 76

10,000 years old

Front 77

What is the most common rock type fossils are found in? Why?

Back 77

sedimentary,deposited on the surface of the earth in lakes, swamps, etc.

Front 78

Isotopes

Back 78

atoms of same element with differnt # of nuetrons in nuclei

Front 79

Radiometric Dating

Back 79

takes isotopes and date by looking at half life

Front 80

Half Life

Back 80

how long it takes half of the parent isotopes to decay

Front 81

Ruidium87 half life

Back 81

49 years

Front 82

Thorium232 half

Back 82

14 years

Front 83

Uranium238 half life

Back 83

4.5 years

Front 84

Potassium40

Back 84

1.3 years

Front 85

Uranium235 half life

Back 85

704 years

Front 86

Carbon 14 half life

Back 86

5730 years

Front 87

Lead210 half life

Back 87

22 years

Front 88

Beryllium7

Back 88

53 years

Front 89

MEE

Back 89

Mass Extinction Event

Front 90

How many MEE have occured throughout geologic time?

Back 90

6

Front 91

Index Fossil Requirements

Back 91

-Abundant and widespread in rock layers of a certain geologic time frame.

-Restricted to a limited thickness of strata from a certain geologic time frame.

Front 92

Index Fossil

Back 92

found in sedimentary rocks formed in depositional environments such as open oceans, tropical lagoons, etc.

Front 93

Body Fossil

Back 93

actual biological component ex. shell

Front 94

Trace Fossil

Back 94

evidence that animal once existed
ex. footprint

Front 95

Unaltered Preservation Types

Back 95

-mummification
-freezing
-amber
-tar pit

Front 96

Alter Preservation Types

Back 96

-replacement
-recrystallization
-carbonization
-permineralization
-petrification

Front 97

Replacement

Back 97

molecule by molecule subsitution

Front 98

Recrystallization

Back 98

recrystallize into more stable compound

Front 99

Carbonization

Back 99

leaves behind thinh carbon film picture

Front 100

Permineralization

Back 100

filling of pores

Front 101

Petrification

Back 101

chemical reactions take place, growth of mineral crystals

Front 102

How is petrification different from Permineralization?

Back 102

permineralization makes fossil much heavier, petrification eventually turns into rock

Front 103

Tracks

Back 103

footprints, trackways

Front 104

Trails

Back 104

crawling traces

Front 105

Burrows

Back 105

excavation of an animal made into soft sediment

Front 106

Boring

Back 106

holes made by an animal into shells

Front 107

Gastrolith

Back 107

highly polished gizzards of birds

Front 108

Coprolites

Back 108

fossilized poop

Front 109

Cast

Back 109

reproduction of plant and animal remains

Front 110

Mold

Back 110

preserving shape of original remains

Front 111

Pseudofossils

Back 111

impressions or markings found in rocks
ex:Chert of Flint nodules in limestone resemble marine fossils

Front 112

Linnaean Classification

Back 112

-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

Front 113

Phylum Porifera

Back 113

sponges

Front 114

Phylum Bryozoa

Back 114

moss animals

Front 115

Phylum Cnidaria

Back 115

corals

Front 116

Phlyum Brachiopoda

Back 116

invertebrates

Front 117

Phylum Mollusca

Back 117

Molluscs

Front 118

Phylum Arthropoda

Back 118

insects, biggest kingdom

Front 119

Phylum Echinodermata

Back 119

sea urchin/sand $

Front 120

Phylum Chordata

Back 120

animal, not all vertebrate, reptiles,human, bird, etc.