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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is phototropism?
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Plant bending toward light
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What chemical causes cell elongation?
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Auxin
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Another name for auxin is
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Indole acetic acid (IAA)
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Where is auxin manufactured? Then where does it go?
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Apical meristem
then moves to zone of elongation |
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How does auxin stimulate cell elongation?
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1. Auxin stimulates proton pump in cell wall
2. pH is lowered on the wall 3. cellulose cross-links dissengage from acidity 4. cell uptakes water - cell elongation 5. cross links are restablished |
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What are some other effects of auxin?
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1. Stimulates the differentiation of vascular cambium into 2ndary xylem and phloem
2. Stimulates the growth of adventitious roots 3. stimulates fruit development in developing seeds |
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What to cytokinins do?
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1. Stimulate cytokinesis
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Cytokinin is a modified form of _____.
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Arginine
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Cytokinin works with ____ for cell differentiation and division.
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auxin
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If you remove th terminal bud, you remove the source of _____, which will cause the plant to ______.
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auxin
branch out and become bushy |
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Ciytokinins stimulate the __buds
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lateral
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_________ stimulate hyper growth as in foolish seedling disease.
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Giberrilins
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Where are giberilins produced?
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roots and young leaves
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Gibberrellins cause ______ in biennials which means that flowers grow in the first year.
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bolting
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What are the processes involved in germination
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a. seed imbibes water
b. giberrellin is released from embryo c. GB stimulates alurone to release alpha amylase d. amylase breaks dormancy in buds (substitution for cold requirement) |
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Where is abscisic acid produced?
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in the terminal bud
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What does abscisic acid do in plants? (5)
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a. Slows growth
b. directs leaf primordia to produce bid scales - protection for winter c. promotes leaf abcision d. inhibits seed germination e. closes stomata during drout conditions |
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______ causes fruit to ripen and inhibits cell elongation.
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ethylene
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How do ethylene and auxin work together?
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1. when auxin levels are high (promoting cell elongation) ethylene levels rise which curbs cell elongation
2. ethylene also inhibits axillary buds like auxin ( no lateral growth) |
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During fruit ripening ____ release sugar and ___ breaks down letting other pigments show
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cell wall
chlorophyll |
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Storing fruit in high _______ will retard ethylene's ripening effect on fruit
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CO2
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Leaf abscission is controlled by a balance between ____ and _____.
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auxin
ethylene |
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In an aging leaf there is less ____ which makes it more sensitive to ethylene.
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auxin
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In leaf abcision they ___ layer goes first then the ___ layer
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abcision
cork |
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What are stataliths?
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starch grains in root cells that settle and influence Ca2+ distribution which in turn influences auxin distribution
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what are phototropism, gravitropism and thigmotropism
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response in growth to light, gravity and touch
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In the rapid turgor movements that cause the mimosa to close when touched, K+ leaves the ______ which causes water to leave leading to loss in turgor pressure
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pulvini
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A _______ day plant flowers when the day length is less than a critical period. Examples include ______ and ______
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short
chrysanthymum, ragweed |
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A _______ day plant flowers when the day length is longer than a critical period. Examples include ______
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long
garden vegetables |
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_________ plants flower on any photoperiod. Examples include ____ and _____
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Day neutral
tomato, dandilion |
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If you interrupt the night of a _____ day plant with a flash of light you can stop the flowering
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short
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What is a phytochrome? What are the two wavelengths that play roles in photoperiodism?
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light sensitive pigment
red - 660 far-red - 730 |
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If a short day plant receives a red then far-red then a red flash will it flower?
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no it will not flower
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If a long day plant receives a far-red flash will it flower?
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no it will not flower
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What is a halophyte? How does it cope with its stress?
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-salt tolerant species
-forms high amount of compatible solutes that decrease osmotic gradient and keep water in cell |
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During periods of water defecit the mesophyll will produce _____ to controll water loss.
Some grasses will curl their leaves and ____ will be reduced |
abcisic acid
photosynthesis |
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What happens when plants like the water lilly deal with low oxygen levels?
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Less oxygen leads to production of ethylene. This causes cortex cells to die. The cell walls break down leaving air spaces for oxygen to gather.
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How do plants deal with heat?
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Evaporative cooling
Manufacture heat shock proteins |
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What negative things happen to plants during the cold?
How does a plant combat this? |
Membranes lose fluidity
slows down transport ice crystals can destroy cells some species make chemicals that lower the freezing point of the cell |
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What do plants do to defend againt herbivores?
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-thorns
-chemicals like phytotoxins |
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What does canavanine do?
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it acts as an arginine analog. This in turn will be placed in now structurally faulty proteins. this could lead to death if it is essential protein
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What does juvenile hormone do?
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does not allow for the maturation of insects - pest deterrant
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What are cardiac glycosides?
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Digitalis, and oleander produce chemicals with hearts normal function
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How do plans defend against pathogens?
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-phytoalexins
-crosslink-walls slow pathogenic invasion |
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What are phytoalexins and SAR?
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Phytoalexins are in house antibiotics which leads to a systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
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SAR is activated by ______
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salycilic acid (aspirin)
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What is the typical 2nd messenger in the signal transduction pathway?
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Ca2+
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What is the basement membrane?
What does it do? |
mat of ECM which epithelia attaches.
organizes events for metabolism |
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Whcih shape of epitheila are usually secretory?
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columnar
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Which kind of epithelia can secrete and absorb?
Where can you find them? |
glandular epithelia
mucous membrane respiratory tract small intestine |
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cancer of epithelia is called
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carcinoma
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cancer of connective tissue is called
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sarcoma
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_______is the most widespread CT
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loose connective tissue
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in loose CT cells are suspended in a _______-like matrix
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jelly
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_______connective tissue bonds epithelia to underlying tissue
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loose
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what are the three types of protein fibers and give descriptions
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1. collagenous - made of collagen
2. elastic - stretchy 3. reticular fibers - thin and branched |
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What do fibroblast do?
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secrete protein to form fibers
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what cell types are in loose CT?
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-fibroblasts
-macrophages |
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1/2 of ____ tissue is subcutaneous and 1/2 pads organs
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adipose
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In dense fibrous CT collagen fibers are arranged in _______
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parallel bundles
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when collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel bundles its called_______ CT
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dense fibrous
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two types of fibrous CT are ____
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tendons and ligaments
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Cartillage is fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix called
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chondritin sulfate
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___ is mineralized CT
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bone
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cllagen + Ca3PO4
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cell hydroxy apetite
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this is the liquid matrix of blood. it composes ___%
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plasma
55% |
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botulism destroys ____ which paralyzes the mucsle
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ACh
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lockjaw is caused when ____ is destroyed reulting in overabundance of ACh at snapse
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ACh-esterase
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which muscle type produces the fastest contractions
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skeletal
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what are the layers of the stomach
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mucosa
submucosa muscularis serosa |
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what is the mucosa?
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innermost lining of the stomach, made of epthelial cells, secretes mucus and digestive juices
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what is the submucosa?
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layer of CT under mucosa
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what is the muscularis?
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layer of smooth muscle under submucosa
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what is the serosa?
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layer of CT and epithelia
outermost layer |
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What are messsentaries?
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CT that suspend organs in place
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______ have a constant body temp and heat is generated by ______
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endotherms
metabolism |
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_______ take their temperature from the environment
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exotherms
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How is body size related to metabolic rate
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inversely related
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a small animal has a greater ______ therefore loses heat faster
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surface to volume
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These organisms participate in direct exchange w/ the environment
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unicellular and simple multicellular
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Complex multicellular systems need _____ btw exchange surface and cells
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transport system
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This center of the brain monitors blood temp
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Hypothalamus
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Give an example of a suspension feeder
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clam, baleen whale, filter feeder
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give an example of a substrate feeder
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tapeworm, leaf miner
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give an example of a fluid feeder
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mosquito, hummingbird
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name the steps in food processing(4)
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ingestion
digestion absorption elimination |
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why do we need digestion
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macromolecules to large to cross membranes
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A paramecium conducts digestion via a _________ which binds w/ a lysosome
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food vacuole
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Sponges perform ________ digestion
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intracellular
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a choanocyte is a ______
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flagellated cell on sponge that scoops food into mouth area
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What are the nematocysts on a hydra
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stinging cells
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Hydra is part of the phylum ____
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cnidria
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Planaria are part of the phylum ____
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PLatyhelmintines
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planaria and hydra start digestion _______
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extracellularly
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what organism posses an alimentary canal?
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earthworm, bird, insect
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what are the main components of saliva? (3)
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mucin
lysozyme amylase |
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what is mucin
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glycoprotein that serves as a lubricant
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what does amylase do in saliva
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convert starch and glycogen to maltose (glucose disaccharide)
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name the three salivary glands
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submandibular
sublingual parotid |
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what is deglutition?
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swallowing
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what is GIRD
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gastrointestinal reflux disease
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HCL is secreted by ____ and pepsin is secreted by ____ in stomach
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parietal glands
chief cells |
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stomach has a volume of about ____ and a pH of ____
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2L
2 |
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what is a zymogen
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innactive form of the enzyme
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the stomach lining is renewed every ____ days
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3
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Food stimulates stomach to produce a hormone _____ which in turn stimulates the production of _____
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gastrin
gastric juice |
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if the contents of the stomach are too low ______ inhibits gastric juice production
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high acidity
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The ______ sphincter leads from the stomach to small intestine
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pyloric
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The ______ is the first 25cm of the small intestine
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duodenum
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Chyme from stomach stimulates production of ______ which in turn signals _____ to release _____ to neutralize the acidic chyme
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secretin
pancreas HCO3- |
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What does cholecystokinin (CCK) do?
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stimulates gall blader to release bile in order to emulsify fat in small intestine
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in the mouth starch and glycogen are broken down by ______ into maltose
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amylase
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in the stomach proteins are broken down into polypeptides by ________
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pepsin
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polypeptides are broken down into small polypeptides by _______ in the small intestine
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chymotrypsin
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small polypeptides are broken down into amino acids by
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peptidases
aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase |
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______ break nucleic acids down to nucleotides
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nucleases
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fats are emulsified by ______ which is then broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by ______
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bile
lipase |
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Maltose---->2 glucose
sucrose ---> fructose + glucose lactose ----> galactose + glucose |
maltase
sucrase lactase |
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At the brush border sugar and AA are sent to _____ while glycerol and fatty acids are ____
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capilaries
given a protein coat (chylomicrons) and taken to lacteal |
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in the capilaries blood is sent through ____ where it reaches the liver and if in excess is converted to _____
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hepatic portal vein
glycogen |
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Does digestion occur in large intestine?
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no
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appendix is attached at blind sac called ___
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caecum
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E. coli manufactures _____ in large intestine which is necessary for ____
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vitamin K
blood clotting |
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what kind of dentition do the following have?
Carnivore herbivore omnivore |
C: incisors and canine
H: premolars and molars O: both |
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The ______ is longer in an herbivore because ____ is hard to digest
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small intestine
cellulose |
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What is a rumicant? give an example
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animal with a 4 chambered stomach; regurgitates and chews cud
cow |
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What are the four classes of essential nutrients?
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AAs
vitamins minerals fatty acids |
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How many essential amino acids are there?
where can you find methionine and lysine? |
8
methionine - corn lysine - beans |
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What is the name of the disease caused by protein difficiency
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Kwashokoa
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what are linuleic acids
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essential fatty acids
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What are the 8 water soluble vitamins
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Thiamine
Riboflavin Niacin B6 Pantomenic acid B12 Vitamin C |
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What are the 4 fat suluble vitamins?
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A,D,E,K
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Thiamine aka ___ is a source of _____ in ATP formation. Deficiency can lead to ____
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B1
phosphate beriberi |
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Riboflavin aka ___ deficiency can be detected by _____
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B2
cracks in corners of mouth |
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Too much Niacin is evident by ____
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flush skin
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Pantomeric acid deficiency involves ____
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fatigue and tingling sensation
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Flic acid deficiency in pregnant women will produce child w ______
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neural tube defects
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B12 is essential for ____ maturation
aka _____ |
RBC
cobalamine |
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Vitamin C is important in ____ repair
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collagen
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Vitamin A is aka ____ and deficiency can cause ______ and _____ but may be toxic in high amounts as well
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retinol
dry eyes night blindness |
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Vitamin D is a steroid that prevents ____ and is manufactured by ____ w sun exposure
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rickets
skin |
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Vitamin E is an antioxidant that is involved in ____ integrity
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membrane
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Vitamin K is involved in _______
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blood clotting
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Essential minerals include (5)
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Calcium
Phosphorus Potassium Iodine Iron |
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Iodine deficiency can result in ____.
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goiter
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_____ is a mineral that acts to balance pH
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phosphate
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What is C-reactive protein
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inflammation indicator
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In an open circulatory system _____ bathes the internal organs and the heart pumps blood to the _____
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hemolymph
sinuses |
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In a closed circulatory system blood is confined to ____ and exchanges material with ________
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vessels
interstitial fluid |
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list all the vessels in order of blood flow
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arteries
arterioloes capilaries venules veins |
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A fish has a _ chambered heart and no _______ circulation
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2
pulmonary |
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Birds and mammals have ___ chambered heart
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4
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IN frogs and amphibians is there a mixing of oxygenated and unoxygeneated blood?
where does gas excange occur? |
yes
thru moist skin |
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birds and mammals (do/do not) mix unoxygenated and oxygenated blood
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do not
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The ____ valves are found btw the chambers of the heart and the ___ valves are found at the exits of the heart
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atrioventricular
semilunar |
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the lub sounds is the___
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recoil of blood against closed av valve
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the dub sound is
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the recoil of blood against semilunar valve
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heart murmur is caused by a ___
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leaky valve
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rheumativ fever results from a ___ infection and can cause _____
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strep
leaky valve |
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avg heart rate is
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72bpm
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heart rate is related to body size how?
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inversely
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cardiac output is
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volume per minute
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stroke volume is
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mL per beat
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Cardiac output can increase 5x with ____
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exercise
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The ___- cells in the heart are self excitable
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autorhythmic
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The _____ is the pacemaker of the heart
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sinoatrial node (SA node)
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THe SA node stimulates the ___ node which cause the ___ to contract
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AV
ventricles |
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SA node can be influenced by
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nerves
hormones body temp |
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a 1 degree C increase in temp can raise heart rate ____ bpm
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10bpm
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the vessels of a vertebrates closed circulatory system are lined with _____
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endothelium
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The____ has the most rapid rate of flow and is thick walled and muscular
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artery
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an arteriole contains a ______ sphincter
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precappilary
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the slowest blood flow in the body can be found in the
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capilaries
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What is marfan's syndrome?
Whate are indicators of it? |
CT disease that mostly effects circulatory system.
Long limbs and feet loose joints Aneurysm |
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what is an aneurysm?
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thinning of vessel wall
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pulse can be detected in the __ artery on arm and the ____ artery on neck
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radial
carotid |
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Blood pressure is lower in which vessels?
so how does blood move? |
veins
muscles and valve systems |
