Test 2: Pavlovian Conditioning & Applications

Front 1

natural selection

Back 1

small, random, inheritable differences among individuals that result in different chances of survival and reproduction

Front 2

environment

Back 2

all stimuli that affects behavior at any given

moment

Front 3

reflex

Back 3

an automatic response to a specific stimulus

Front 4

chance definition of learning

Back 4

change in behavior due to experiences

Front 5

schlinger's definition of

learning

Back 5

relatively permanent changes in relations between environment and behavior due to changes in environment

Front 6

stimulus

Back 6

an energy change that affects (sensory receptors and) behavior

Front 7

behavior

Back 7

anything that an organism does that can be measured

Front 8

system desensitization

Back 8

the scene (CS) for fears is paired with a positive (US) relaxation

desensitization to one scene prepares you for the next

Front 9

exposure therapy

Back 9

person is gradually exposed to fear evoking stimulus while feeling relaxed

Front 10

parsimonious explanation

Back 10

one that makes the fewest assumptions

Front 11

three implications of environment definition

Back 11

1) both inside and outside the organism

2) that it is always changing

3) that it is never the same for any two individuals

Front 12

circular explanation

Back 12

an explanation in which the evidence for the explanation is the same as the behavior to be explained

Front 13

two ways taste aversion differs from typical conditioning

Back 13

CS and US occurs together only one time

Interval between the CS and US was several minutes which is longer

Front 14

counterconditioning

Back 14

using pavlovian conditioning to reverse the unwanted effects of previous conditioning

(conditioned emotional responses)

Front 15

first person to study human emotions systematically

Back 15

John B. Watson

Front 16

tolerance

Back 16

after a period of repeated drug use, level of drug required to produce a high increases

Front 17

taste-aversion experiments

Back 17

rats preferring sweet tasting water but then exposed to gamma radiation when drinking it become nauseous, therefore later avoided saccharin water

Front 18

aversion therapy

Back 18

a CS that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal is followed by a noxious US

Front 19

conditioned taste aversion

Back 19

(conditioned food avoidance) certain foods become CS for bad experiences and aversion happens towards CS

Front 20

paraphilias

Back 20

disapproved sexual activities which are considered perverse or unnatural

Front 21

defining elements of pavlovian conditioning

Back 21

the behavior elicited by the US is a reflex response

the appearance of the two stimuli is independent of behavior

Front 22

extinction

Back 22

procedure of repeatedly presenting the CS alone and contingency between CS and US dissolving

Front 23

spontaneous recovery

Back 23

reappearance of a CR after extinction

Front 24

compound stimuli

Back 24

CS consists of two or more stimuli and is presented simultaneously, paired with a US for one more trials

Front 25

overshadowing

Back 25

effect of one stimulus overshadows the effects of others completely

Front 26

blocking

Back 26

novel stimuli that is part of compound stimulus, includes effective CS and will not become a CS due to prior experience with one company

Front 27

latent inhibition

Back 27

appearance of a stimulus without the US, interferes with the ability of that stimulus to become a CS later

Front 28

sensory preconditioning

Back 28

previous experience with a neutral stimulus can affect later conditioning, slower

Front 29

contingency

Back 29

one event (X) is contingent to another event, (Y) to the extent that (X) occurs if and only if (Y) occurs

Front 30

pavlov's theory of classical conditioning

Back 30

conditioning of reflexes = reflex response

US paired with a UR = unconditonal reflex

NS paired with US and then CS can elicit CR

Front 31

evidence against pavlov's theory

Back 31

?????

Front 32

preparatory response theory

Back 32

UR is an innate response designed to deal with US but the CR is a response designed to prepare for the US

Front 33

higher-order conditioning

Back 33

procedure of pairing a neutral sitmulus (NS) with a well-established (CS)

Front 34

four ways of pairing CS and US

Back 34

trace (CS begins before US appears)

delay ( CS and US overlap)

simultaneously (CS and US coincide exactly)

backward (CS follows the US)

Front 35

stimulus substitution theory

Back 35

CS merely substitutes for the US in evoking the reflex response

Front 36

compensating response theory

Back 36

the CR prepares the subject for the US by compensating for its effects

Front 37

unconditional reflexes

Back 37

occur less unconditionally, inborn, permanent in all members of species

Front 38

conditional reflexes

Back 38

not present at birth, acquired through experience and will vary from individual

Front 39

withdrawal

Back 39

once person is addicted to a drug, failure to take the drug produces strong cravings for the drug and other feelings of discomfort

Front 40

pseudoconditioning

Back 40

get something like conditioning but haven't conditioned

Front 41

variables that influence pavlovian

Back 41

how CS and US are paired

temporal contiguity