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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the primary functions of the nervous system?
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1. receive and translate sensory information
2. integrate 3. initiate and coordinate a response |
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What is the definition of a nervous system?
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1. millions of neurons working together to produce effective responses to stimuli in external environment
2. regulates heart rate, breathing, and hundreds of internal cavities |
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What are trends in nervous system development?
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1. nerve cells (increased number of neurons and interneurons)
2. function (specialized) 3. cephalization 4. CNS (specialization to perform specific functions) |
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What organism does not have a nervous system of any kind?
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poriferans
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What animals have nerve nets?
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radial symmetry (echinoderms and cnidarians)
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Describe a nerve net
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1. no central control
2. no separate function (sensory, integration, motor) 3. web-like, simplest kind of nervous system 4. nerve ring in echinoderms 6. bidirectional conductance 5. adv: respond to predators in any direction |
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Describe central nervous systems in bilateral symmetry
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1. evolution of CNS with brain as control point
2. provides coordinated movement and functional types of neurons |
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Describe nervous system of Platyhelminthes
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1. "brain" beginning to evolve
2. Nervous organization varies with species 3. nerve net 4. ganglia 5. brain and nerve cords 6. ladder system 7. first phylum ot have well developed movement, sensory structure, and ability to learn |
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What is the ladder system in platyhelminthes?
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two nerve cords that stretch from ganglia to posterior end of body
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Describe nervous system of segmented animals
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1. two ganglia
2. solid ventral nerve cord; ganglia in each segment |
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Describe nervous system of arthropods
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1. specific functional regions
2. areas are specialized for integrating information transmitted to the ganglia form sensory organs |
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Describe nervous system of cephalopods
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1. most advanced of invertebrates
2. most advanced brain 3. lobes have distinct centers as visual, learning, and memory 4. well developed nervosus system including well developed organs 5. adapted to the active predatory lifestyle 6. most intelligent invertebrate |
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Describe brain size
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1. relative size of brain regions vary
2. larger animals have larger brains |
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What comprises the CNS?
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1. brain
2. spinal cord |
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What comprises the PNS?
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1. afferent division (sensory)
2. efferent division (motor) |
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What comprises the efferent division of the PNS?
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1. somatic
2. autonomic |
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What comprises the autonomic division of the efferent division in the PNS?
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1. sympathetic division
2. parasympathetic division |
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Describe CNS
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1. central control
2. organs integrate incoming informations and determine appropriate responses |
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What does the afferent division do?
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inform CNS of changing conditions in internal and external environment
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What does the efferent division do?
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transmit CNS decisions to effectors
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What does the somatic division do?
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reception and nerves dealing with changes in external environment
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What does the autonomic division do?
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1. regulate internal environmental
2. functions without consciousness |
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What is the general difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
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1. sympathetic - flight or flight
2. parasympathetic - resting and digesting |
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What does CNS development include?
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1. neural tube
2. forebrain 3. midbrain 4. hindbrain |
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What are the parts of the developing forebrain and what do the give rise to?
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1. telencephalon (cerebrum and olfactory bulb)
2. diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) |
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What does the neural tube give rise to?
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1. brain
2. spine |
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What are the parts of the developing midbrain and what do the give rise to?
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1. mesencephalon
2. optic lobes in fish and amphibians 3. colliculi in mammals |
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What are the parts of the developing hindbrain and what do the give rise to?
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1. metencephalon (cerebellum and pons)
2. myelencephalon (medulla) |
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Describe the cerebrum
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1. grey outer layer and white inner layer
2. two hemispheres (L and R) 3. in fish and amphibians : integrated sensory information 4. in birds : flying 5. different animals have different functions for the same region of brain |
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What is the difference between grey and white matter?
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1. white is mylinated and rich in lipids
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What are the thalamic structures?
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1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus 3. epithalamus |
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Describe the thalamus
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1. oval shaped
2. acts as gateway to cerebral cortex 3. filtering and sorting 4. crude sense of stimuli 5. relay center for motor and sensory areas of the cerebrum 6. all sensory messages (except olfactory) are delivered to the thalamus before they are relayed to the sensory areas of the cerebrum |
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Describe the hypothalamus
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1. located below thalamus
2. controls ANS 3. controls emotions 4. produces hormones 5. regualton of endocrine functions 6. connects to pituitary 7. some visceral control centers 8. regulation of body temperature 9. hunger and thirst center 10. sleep-wake cycle 11. regulates autonomic and somatic response 12. integrates incoming information and provides input centers in medulla and spinal cord |
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Describe the epithalamus
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1. influenced by the hypothalamus
2. pineal gland 3. melatonin secretion 4. sleep-wake cycle |
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Describe the midbrain
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1. visual and auditory reflexes
2. subconscious muscle activities 3. integration of muscle tone and posture 4. most prominent in fish and amphibians 5. main association area 6. receives incoming sensory information and integrates it, sends decisions to appropriate motor nerves |
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Describe components of the hindbrain
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1. pons
2. medulla 3. cerebellum 4. decussation |
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Describe pons
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1. located in a large mass of fibers
2. connects parts of brain with spinal cord 3. regulates respiratory centers |
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What are the respiratory centers?
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1. pneumotatic
2. apneustic |
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Describe the medulla
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1. located between the pons and spinal cord
2. have gray and white matter 3. continuum of cord 4. has regulatory centers |
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What are regulatory centers in the medulla?
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1. cardiac (heart rate)
2. vasomotor (tone in blood vessels) 3. respiratory (rhythm) 4. relay center (thalamus and cerebellum) |
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Describe decussation
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1. crossing over
2. left hemisphere controls right part of body (and vice versa) |
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Describe the cerebellum
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1. largest surface area
2. second larges mass (behind cerebrum) 3. coordination of skeletal muscles 4. hand-eye coordination 5. posture and muscle tone 6. maintain equilibrium 7. size and shape vary among vertebrates 8. size develops with extent and complexity of muscular activity |
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What are some protections that the CNS has?
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1. bone
2. meninges 3. cerebral-spinal fluid 4. blood-brain barrier |
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Composition of plasma vs CSF
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1. CSF - have very, very little proteins
2. more glucose in plasma |
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Describe the meninges in the CNS
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1. dura mater (white, leathery, durable; anchors brain to surrounding bone)
2. arachnoid mater (in the middle) 3. pia mater (thin and filmy, follows tissues) 4. sheets of tissues |
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Describe the cerebral-spinal fluid
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1. shock absorbing fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord against mechanical injury
2. choridplexis (specialized capillary bed) |
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Describe the blood brain barrier
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material can't freely move from capillary bed to brain
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Describe the anatomy of the cerebrum
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1. hemispheres
2. lobes 3. gyrus 4. sulcus 5. fissure 6. central sulcus 7. precentral gyrus 8. post central gyrus |
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Describe the lobes of the cerebrum and their relative function
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1. frontal (motor function; conscious control)
2. parietal (touch/sense information reception) 3. temporal (sensation of noise) 4. occipital (visual centers) |
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Describe the gyrus of the cerebrum
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ridges of tissue, evident in cortex
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Describe the sulcus
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grooves in tissue
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Describe the fissures of the cerebrum
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deep sulces
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Describe the central sulcus of the cerebrum
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groove that crosses the top of each hemisphere
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Describe the precentral gyrus
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1. execute movements
2. primary motor area |
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Describe the postcentral gyrus
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1. primary sensory area of cerebral cortex
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Describe the spinal cord
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1. white and gray matter
2. hollow 3. anterior median fissure 4. posterior median fissure 5. ascending and descending tracts 6. spinal nerves |
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What does the spinal cord do?
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transmits impulses to and from the body (and brain sometimes)
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What is the descending tract of the spinal cord?
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from the cerebrum to the motor neurons
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What is the ascending tract of the spinal cord?
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1. carries info that is similar
2. common starting and ending point |
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Describe reflexes
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1. protective mechanisms
2. receptor 3. afferent neurons 4. integration neuron 5. efferent neuron 6. effector 7. spinal cord is a reflex house |
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Definition : reflex
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involuntary motor response to a stimulus
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Describe the withdrawal reflex
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1. neural circuit consisting of three types of neurons carrying out a response to a stimulus
2. spinal cord to interneuron to motor neuron 3. at the same time sends a message to brain for conscious awareness |
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What are the types of muscle spindle reflexes?
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1. monosynaptic reflex
2. unisegmental reflex 3. ipsilateral reflex |
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What is the monosynaptic reflex?
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direct connection between incoming and outgoing
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What is the unisegmental reflex?
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only one region of the cord is used
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What is the ipsilateral reflex?
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an activity on one side of cord
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What is reciprocal innervation
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stimulate contraction of opposite group
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Describe withdrawl and cross extensor reflex?
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1. excitatory and inhibitory interneurons
2. reciprocal innervation 3. intersegmantal response 4. ipsilateral response 5. contralateral response |
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What are the brain waves? describe them
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1. alpha - relaxed
2. beta - heightened mental activity 3. delta - slower frequency and higher amplitude 4. theta - slower frequency and higher amplitude (delta and theta are sleep waves and nonREM waves) |
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What regulates sleep?
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the reticular activation system
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What constitutes information processing?
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1. learning
2. memory |
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What are the kinds of memory?
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1. implicit
2. explicit 3. short term 4. long term |
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Definition: learning
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1. process of acquiring knowledge
2. process by which info is encoded |
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What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
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1. implicit - unconscious
2. explicit - factual (people, faces...) |
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What is the difference between short term and long term memory?
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1. short term- recalls information for a few minutes
2. long term - gene activation, transcription factor, long term functional changes at synapse |
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What kind of relationship do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have?
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opposing
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What does the sympathetic division do?
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`stimulate organs and mobilize energy (respond to stress)
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What does the parasympathetic division do?
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tells organs to conserve and restore energy (especially during calm activity)
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What are some neurotransmitters?
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1. ACh
2. Norepinephrine |
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What are some cholinergic receptors?
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1. nicotinic (stimulatory)
2. muscarinic (stimulatory and inhibitory) |
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What are some adrenergic fibers
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1. alpha receptors (stimulatory)
2. beta receptors (inhibitory) |
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What are some substances that affect the nervous system?
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1. neurotransmitters
2. chemicals 3. toxins 4. poisons |
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Describe the effect drugs have on the nervous system
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1. can inhibit an action potential
2. storage, synthesis , release |
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Describe the types of drug dependences
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1. physical - go through withdrawal if not consumed
2. psychological - drug craving, inability to stop |
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Describe drug tolerance
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when the response to the drug decreases, greater amounts are needed to produce the same effect
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What kind of relationship do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have?
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opposing
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What does the sympathetic division do?
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`stimulate organs and mobilize energy (respond to stress)
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What does the parasympathetic division do?
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tells organs to conserve and restore energy (especially during calm activity)
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What are some neurotransmitters?
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1. ACh
2. Norepinephrine |
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What are some cholinergic receptors?
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1. nicotinic (stimulatory)
2. muscarinic (stimulatory and inhibitory) |
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What are some adrenergic fibers
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1. alpha receptors (stimulatory)
2. beta receptors (inhibitory) |
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What are some substances that affect the nervous system?
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1. neurotransmitters
2. chemicals 3. toxins 4. poisons |
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Describe the effect drugs have on the nervous system
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1. can inhibit an action potential
2. storage, synthesis , release |
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Describe the types of drug dependences
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1. physical - go through withdrawal if not consumed
2. psychological - drug craving, inability to stop |
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Describe drug tolerance
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when the response to the drug decreases, greater amounts are needed to produce the same effect
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Describe drug ability
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can only alter endogenous function or process
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Describe drug effect
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can effect post synaptic receptor and neurotransmitter break down/uptake
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Describe drug action
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what does it work on?
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Where is the location of the drug activity?
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1. extracellular (minority of drugs; antacids, chelators)
2. intracellular (most drugs, receptors, selective membranes) |
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Ways drugs are delivered and describe them
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1. blood transport
2. cellular delivery (receptors, membrane) 3. CNS (blood brain barrier) |
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Describe drug receptors
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1. affinity
2. agonist v antagonist 3. length of effect 4. drugs act at specific locations |
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What are some drug sources?
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1. plants
2. animals 3. synthesis 4. microorganisms 5. molecular biology |
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What are some drugs available from plants?
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1. atropine (low dosage - slow heart; high dosage - treats brachycardia)
2. digitalis 3. paregoric 4. ergot (used to stimulate uterine contractions; causes spontaneous abortions) |
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What compounds (other than neurotransmitters) affect the nervous system?
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1. cocaine
2. strychnine 3. tetnus 4. lead 5. venom 6. curare |
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What is myasthenia gravis?
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1. autoimmune
2. muscle weakness 3. antibodies bind to neurotransmitter receptor, blocking ability for impulses (no muscle contractions) 4. treated with neostigmine |
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Describe cocaine
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1. has an effect on dopamine
2. down regulation 3. depression 4. autonomic stimulation |
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Describe strychnine
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1. blocks ability to inhibit
2. blockage through receptors 3. binds to post synaptic receptor 4. blocks IPSP transmission 5. convulsions, spasms, death |
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Describe tetnus
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prevents presynaptic release of inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Describe lead
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1. environmental pollutant
2. Pb competes with Ca |
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Describe venom from black widow spider
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1. massive release of ACh
2. agonistic effect (block opening of voltage gated channels) 3. muscle paralysis |
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Describe curare
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1. antagonistic
2. binds to post synaptic receptors 3. blocks ACh binding 4. muscle paralysis (blocking of depolarization) |
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Describe sensory receptors
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1. bare nerve endings
2. enclosed nerve ending 3. separate receptor cell |
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What are receptor categories
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1. somatic
2. proprioceptors 3. visceral |
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What is a somatic receptor?
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1. receptors in skin (touch, pain, temperature, pressure)
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What is a proprioceptor?
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1. muscles, tendons, joints
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What is a visceral receptor?
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1. internal organs
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Describe receptor physiology
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1. stimulus (detect change)
2. reception (receptor is stimulated) 3. transduction (stimulus energy --> electrical energy) 4. receptor potential (receptor depolarizes and causes something to happen; graded potential; depolarize and hyperpolarize) 5. transmission (action potential is initiated along neuron to CNS) 6. perception - action potential from receptor reaches and is interpreted by the brain |
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What is sensory adaption?
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decrease in frequency of action potential in a sensor neuron; decrease response to stimulus even when stimulus is sustained
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What are th types of sensory adapting receptors?
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1. tonic
2. phasic |
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What is tonic receptors?
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1. stimulus is still there and position is known
2. slowly adapting |
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What is phasic receptors?
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1. stimulus awareness in the beginning, withdraw, and awareness at the end
2. rapid |
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What receptors are based on point of detection?
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1. exteroceptors
2. interoceptors |
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Describe exteroceptors
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receive stimuli from outside environment
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Describe interoceptors
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sensory receptors within body organs that detect changes
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What receptors are based on stimulus energy?
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1. mechanoreceptors
2. chemoreceptors 3. photoreceptors 4. thermoreceptors 5. electrorecetpors 6. nociceptors |
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Describe mechanoreceptors
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1. touch, pressure, gravity, and movement
2. mechanical change in shape as a result of being pushed or pulled |
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Describe chemoreceptors
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1. any chemical changes: pH, gases, etfc
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Describe photoreceptors
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1. respond to light
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Describe thermoreceptors
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1. respond to heat and cold
2. used to find hosts and other animals (prey) |
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Describe nociceptors
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1. substance P
2. pain receptor 3. free nerve endings of certain sensory neurons 4. respond to mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli |
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Describe electroreceptors
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1. senses differences in potential energy
2. used by fish to detect prey and other members of the species 3. electromagnetic receptors |
