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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Linotype photoengraving
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Created by Mergenthaler; keyboard operated; created to keep papers less vulnerable to strikes; allowed photos to be put into papers
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1880s tabloids
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journalism of the Journal and the World by Pulitzer and Hearst
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technological advances in printing
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Linotype machine & high speed presses
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halftone process
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used by Linotype machines; allowed pics to be put in papers with full-speed machines
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Nellie Bly
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around the world in less than 80 days; exposed psych ward wrongdoings; worked for Pulitzer
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Yellow journalism
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name given to new journalism of Pulitzer and Hearst; came from the Yellow-Kid cartoon they shared
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Spanish-American War
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yellow journalism played huge role; you furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the story; U.S.S. Maine blown up, led to war
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dime novels
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form of entertainment; cheap books written by 2nd-rate authors; had Buffalo Bill, Calamity Kate, and other well-know characters in them; all sorts of genres
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provincial press
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papers set up in big cities, sent half-filled papers to smaller rural cities which then filled in their news
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alternative papers
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a lot of different papers developed in 1880s: immigrant papers, anarchist papers, labor papers, black papers
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Evangelina Cisneros
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Cuban woman who was jailed under questionable circumstances by Spanish; Journal reported on it, collected signatures to get her set free; Journal organized her jailbreak and escape to the US, well publicized it
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Growth of daily papers
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paper business was growing so much that it couldn't be editor-owned; turned into a huge industry
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National Police Gazette
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first paper to lead the rest into using photos on the front page
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Arthur Brisbane
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one of Pulitzer's top editors; went over to Hearst and built the Journal up to huge numbers, made it a forerunner to modern tabloids
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E.W. Scripps & chain papers
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father of the modern media chain; was kind to staff, shared profits w/ editors; started sons out early; gave a lot of attention to business and politics reform
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Richard Harding Davis
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a well-known reporter Hearst sent to Cuba to cover the Spanish-American war; was considered a hero among the American public by then
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Francis Ayer
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1st to start Ad Agency; named it after his dad so that poeple would trust the name (N.W. Ayer & sons); sold a LOT
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Volney Palemer
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1st to call himself an advertising agent; opened offices in Philadelphia, Boston, and NYC; Promoted ads as part of marketing plan for products
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George Rowell
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Started American Newspaper Directory (let advertisers know where to put ads); "Printer's Ink" - trade magazine; Space wholesaling - bought up ads and sold for more money to make a LOT of profit
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Premiums
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something thought up by Proctor & Gamble to sell common everyday stuff; BOGO, coupons, rebates, etc.
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Magazine advertising
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used full, half, or quarter page displays; became a popular medium for advertising after the Civil War
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Sex & ads in 19th century
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used for same reason as today; not as erotic or showy as ours; a lot were for drinks
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Major press changes 1900-1945
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women in press; professionalization; objectivity; PR; Radio broadcasting; newsreels; new magazines
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Ruth Snyder
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telephone operator; married Albert Snyder and had kid; she got into jazz scene and met Judd Gray; they conspired and killed Albert; made a lot of mistakes that pointed to them
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Jazz journalism
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another name for journalism of action
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Frank Munsey
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famous for merging and killing papers; bought the Herald and Sun in NYC and combined them; combined 5 papers in NYC; thought of papers simply as businesses
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Lydia Pinkham
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1st woman to start major business in U.S.; part of eclectic movement in medicine; targeted her medicine at women; used postcards to advertise
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Madame Restell
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The Abortionist; Anna Lohman; offerred contraceptions & abortions (illegal); arrested several times & let go; Anthony Comstock made it illegal for her to advertise and got cops to arrest her; she was found dead in tub
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Premiums
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something thought up by Proctor & Gamble to sell common everyday stuff; BOGO, coupons, tebates, etc.
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Testimonials
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1st hand account of people loving the product because they've used it and it works
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Magazine advertising
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used full, half, or quarter page displays; became a popular medium for advertising after the Civil War
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Sex & ads in 19th century
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used for same reason as today; not as erotic or showy as ours; a lot were for drinks
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Major press changes 1900-1945
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women in press; professionalization; objectivity; PR; Radio broadcasting; newsreels; new magazines
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Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer
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"sob sister"; wrote about the murder by a millionare of his wife's lover; a female reporter on heartbreaking, tear-jerking stories of sex, murder, and abuse
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William Allen White & small-town journalism
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journalist for the Emporia Gazette in KS; famous for his "What's the matter with Kansas?" and "Mary White" editorials; earned the Pulitzer Prize in 1923
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Dorothy Thompson
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1st American woman to head a European news bureau (Berlin)
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Lippmann, news & objectivity
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Walter Lippmann called for the professionalization and objectivity in journalism in response to the propaganda in WWI
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Newspapers & radio
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radio stole papers' advertisers; papers lost money and had to cut jobs; papers cut off radio from their news sources; radio found own reporters; radio was more immediate results in WWII news, but papers could give more info and pictures
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Heywood Broun
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led the American Newspaper Guild to improve the atmosphere of the newsroom: sick days, higher pay, job security, standard work week, and more
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Near v. Minnesota (1931)
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ruled that the "gag law" - which outlawed malicious and scandalous publications by court injuction - violated the freedom of the press
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Stanley Resor
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a leader in the psychological approach to advertising; president of JWT ad agency; saw the agency as an integral part of an advertiser's selling program; employed research & psychology to help advertisers in their sales efforts
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Albert Lasker
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madn who was instrumental in determining what approach ads should take; advertising is "salesmanship in print" and should strive to do the same as a salesman; the "reason why" approach
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Hidden Persuaders
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book by Vance Packard that claimed that advertisers used symbols in their messages to reach consumers' subconscious and stimulate the real reasons behind purchases
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Puffery vs. truth in advertising
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Printer's Ink magazine proposed a model for control of false and deceptive advertising
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Advertising in Depression
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ads started to reflect the depression too; more comics used; more photos used; layouts got bolder and plainer
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Advertising in WWI
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some businesses stopped advertising b/c they didn't have the materials to make their products; others made advertising connect with the war and the war effort
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Advertising in WWII
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kept selling products; tied advertising in some way to the war effort; War Advertising Council; recruited woman workers through ads; showed patriotism, courage, and sacrifice replacing fear
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Ivy Lee & PR origins
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Father of PR; had the philosophy that emphasized openness in dealing with the press; created publicity
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War Advertising Council
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volunteers from ad agencies, media, and business joined to produce and distribute ad campaigns supporting many aspects of the national effort to win the war
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Role, press agent
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goal was to secure favorable mentions of his employer in the nation's papers and magazines
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PR & WWI
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Creel Committee created: created propaganda for the war; had actors, advertisers, artists, teachers, journalists, poets & photographers; employed "four-minute men" who were orators all over the country
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Arthur Page & "2-way street"
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worked with AT&T; operated under the 2-way street model; worked to build public acceptance of the company and also kept management aware of public opinion; believed that all employees of a company were part of its PR dept
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Edward Bernays
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Father of PR; used psychology in PR; fought for acceptance for PR
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Cigarettes & psychology of PR
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for American Tobacco; done by Bernays; had his secretary telegraph other women to say that they should smoke in the upcoming parade to show that they were equal to men
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FDR & the use of PR
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created PR dept in the govt during the Depression; fireside chats were also form of personal PR
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PR via Rosie the Riveter
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form of PR to get women to help out during WWII
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Professionalization of PR
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happened after WWII; 2 organizations merged to form the Public Relations Society of America; developed a system of accreditation & pushed for better education
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Jane Stewart
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named president of Group Attitudes, a survey research company for PR in 1961
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Manifest Destiny & the press
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John Louis O'Sullivan was editor who pioneered the idea of Manifest destiny in the press; articles made people fear that other countries would overrun their country if they didn't move west
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Religious journalism significance
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founded by churches; against savages; some against slavery; a lot against Indians; had discussions of theology, mortality, history, science and literature
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Non-English papers significance
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helped preserve cultural identities and promoted common interests; could be found in most urban centers; some worked to convert immigrants, others worked to help them assimilate
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Agricultural journalism
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papers and magazines for farmers in the west; reprinted speeches, articles, and editorials about farming; talked about how wonderful it was; gave tips to farmers
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Indians in frontier papers
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most papers stopped reporting after no results; papers in east depended on western correspondants; many fake stories appeared; exaggeration and racial hatred was the base of most stories; a lot of frontier editors considered Indians inferior and called for their extermination; some papers sprung up on reservations
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Frontier editors' motivation
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most of theri survival depended on how their papers did; had to be resourceful in order to make the papers good
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Jane Grey Swisshelm
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covered the Civil War; later became an editor who was steadfast in her beliefs & morals; fought for abolition & stronger retribution against the Indians; also worked for Republicanism & women's rights
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Mark Twain & tall tales
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Samuel Clemens; reporter & a writer; he wrote really exaggerated stories; "Stock Broker's Prayer": good example of tall tale
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technology & frontier press
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used linotype, syndication, and readyprint
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Elias Boudinot - Cherokee Phoenix
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was editor of a Native American paper "Cherokee Phoenix"; exposed wrongdoings of whites against the Indians; tried to make Americans see them in true light; fought for Cherokee' rights
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Horace Greeley & "go west"
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oen of the most avid supporters of people moving out west; constantly promoted westward expansion
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effect of Gold Rush
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made a huge amount of people move out west
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Ada Freeman
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owned a "newspaper on wheels" that reported on goings-on throughout the frontier
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Charles Farrar Browne
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a satirical journalist from whom Mark Twain got a lot of his inspiration
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"Readyprint"
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pages already printed on one side; given to local papers to print their local news on the other side
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Newspaper syndication
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led to the beginning of newspaper chains; used readyprint in smaller towns
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Thomas Hart Benton
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was a US senator, co-editor of St. Louis Enquirer, and avid supporter of westward expansion
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Whitelaw Reid
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editor of the New York Tribune; outlined the distinction between politicians and their parties by comparing the Republican party to a ship temporarily controlled by pirates and said the press was attacking the controllers, not the ship itself
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Southern press post-Civil War
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took a while to get back up to pre-war levels; against Republican party; several editors stressed the rising of a New South (Francis Dawson, Henry Grady, & "Marse Henry" Watterson); New Sourth editors talked about crop rotation, industrialization, and moving to smaller farms; still talked about social & race issues
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Changing strategies in advertising, and roles of women
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New Strategies: dept stores invented, brand names created, people began to advertise more in papers and magazines; many women wrote about "women's topics"; after the war, women started to cover more diverse topics and began to try to be hard-hitting journalists
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technological changes
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Linotype, wood pulp, stereotyping process, web-perfecting press, trains
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reporting by telephone
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only used by a handful of papers b/c of high price; made spread of news over long distances almost instantaneous; better than telegraph for speed
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Charles Dana
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editor of the Sun; had a certain personal style of writing that attracted readers; looked for bright young writers who could be trained as paper writers; as long as articles intersting, could write about whatever; ran the paper as a sensational paper
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NY editors as a reflection of a changing press
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some continued to put their own personality into their papers (Godkin & Dana); others went down the path of simply reporting and producing news than presenting views (Bennett Jr.)
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E.L. Godkin
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editor of the Nation & the NY Evening Post; Charles Dana's biggest competition; exact opposite of Dana; very serious; focused on his editorial section more than news; didn't identify with masses, but was most effective advocate of reforms
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J.G. Bennett Jr.
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took over his father's paper, the NY Herald; had the same sense for news as his father; planned the wild animal hoax; emphasized human interest & sensational news
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The Gilded Age
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written by Mark Twain & Charles Dudley Warner; stated that papers are a private enterprise who's object is to make $$ for its owner & that profit is always the reason behind starting a paper; lent its name to the press period after the Civil War
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West Coast journalism
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centered around 2 major cities on the coast: San Francisco & Portland; low-priced papers; sensational news; wrote about hard news too
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Newsgathering agencies
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NY Associated Press & Western Associate Press were biggest; all papers with the AP service received the same article about an event elsewhere; was expensive
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Emily Briggs
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wrote under pen name "Olivia" during Civil War; wrote about D.C. govt & society for Philidelphia Press; kept writing after CW; would use telegraph for breaking news (1 of 1st women to do so)
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Space system of reporting
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reporters sat around until assigned story; paid by the hour it took them to gather info as well as on how much space it took up in the paper; intended to pad stories w/ more info to fill the papers
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Henry Grady & the New South
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editor of the Atlanta Constitution; was the spokesman of "The New South" movement; emphasized diversified agriculture & increased manufacturing; wanted Atl to become the political center of the new south
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