Test 2 Lecture Phys

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Pro=Before
Karyon= Kernel

(Bacteria)

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Prokaryotic Cells

Kingdom _________

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Monera

No true nucleus, Genetic material is in "nucleoid" region

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Prokaryotic cells

No _______________ cells

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membrane

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Prokaryotic Cell structure

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Glycocalyx
Capsule (Slime layer): A layer of gelatinous material covering the cell.

Composition varies with species:
Plypeptides, polysaccharides, Glycoprotein

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Glycocalyx Capsule (slime layer)

Functions:

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1) adhesion-to surfaces
2)Osmotic barriers
3)Protect bacteria from Phagocytosis
4)Storage of nutrient

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Flagella (pl) Flagellum (s)

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Locomotion/motility

(Know how to draw all forms)

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Fimbriae and Pili (pl) Pilus (s)

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Small hair-like projections

1)Sexual conjugation-Pili form tubes for transfer of genetic material.

2) Surface adhesion

3) Bacteriophage receptors (Some viruses attach to pili)

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Cell Wall

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1) Maintains the shape of the cell
2) Physcial Protection-
3) Enables the cell to escape rupture (lysis) in a hypotonic environment Lattice/Net like structure.

consists of peptidoglycan

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Gram + structure

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many layers of peptidoglycan. forms a thick ridged structure. contain teichoic acid.

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Gram - Structure

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Thin layer of peptidoglycan. Looser lattice (less rigid cell wall). High lipid content. No teichoic acid.

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Plasma membrane

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1) Regulates diffusion in and out of the cell
2)Contains active transport system
3)Site of enzymes involved in ATP production.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

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Phospholipid bilayer

A "dynamic" arrangement of phospholipids and proteins

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Chromatophores:

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Contain chlorophyll only found in photosynthetic bacteria.

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The nuclear material:

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1 chromosome (DNA) loose in the cytoplasm in the nucleoid region. Bacteria often contain small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules called plasmids.

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Ribosomes

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Granules scattered throughout the cytoplasm

Assemble amino acids into polypeptides (protein synthesis)

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Cytoplamic inclusions:

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Accumulated stored materials

1) Metachromatic granules (Volutin) Stored form of phosphate

2)polysaccharide granules
3)lipid inclusions

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magnetosomes:

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Inclusions of iron oxide. act like magnets. May protect cells from accumulation of hydrogen peroxide

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Endospores:

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Highly resistant structure. Produced by certain bacteria. All members of the family Bacillaceae Produce endospores.

E. g. Bacillus and Clostridium

Resistance: -The most resistant of all living cells.

Highly resistant to: -Desiccation (Dried out), heat and toxic chemicals. Low metabolic activity (dormant)

Low water content. - Thick spore coat

Heat resistant chemicals (calcium and dipicolinic acid)

formation of endospores: Not a reproductive process. Vegetative cell forms a single spore. germinates to form one vegetative cell

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Eukaryotic cells

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(Eu =Good Karyon= Kernal)

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eukaryotic Cell

Kingdoms

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Protista, plantae, fungi, animaila

True nucleus containing genetic material. contain membrane bound organells

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Cystoskeleton:

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network of fibers that form a dynamic framework fo support and movement.

Microfilaments/Actin filaments

Intermediate filaments

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microtubules:

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Form: cilia, flagella and centrioles

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Organelles:

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Specialzed structures that perform specific functions. sequester reactions.

Many contain folded membranes (increase surface area)

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Nucleus

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spherical or Oval
contains DNA

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Nuclear Envelope/Membrane

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Double membrane perforated by pores. Maintains nuclear shape and regulates transport in and out of the nucleus.

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Nucleolus:

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One or more spherical bodies within the nuclear envelope.

Functions in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA

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Endoplamic Reticulum (ER)

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Rough ER: Studded w/ ribosomes. site for synthesis of secretory proteins and membrane molecule

*Macromolecules*

Smooth ER- Lack ribosomes synthesizes: Phospholipids, fats and steroids.

*Macromolecules*

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ribosomes:

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Formed of 2 subunits : 60S and 40S.

Free ribosomes: suspended in the cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes: attached to ER

sites of protein synthesis

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Golgi Apparatus:

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Flattened sacs, stacked on one another. receive and Modify products from the ER. Packages products in vesicles; Transport, Secretory, and Storage.

LYSOSOMES: Membrane- enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes.

function in phagocytosis, recycling cells own organic material

Programed cell destruction.

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Lysosomal storage disease:

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Lysosomes lack one of the hydrolytic enzymes

e.g Tay-sachs disease: Lacke enzyme to digest lipid. Excess lipid accumulates and damages brain cells

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Mitochondria:

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"Power House of the Cell"

Inner membranes folds into cristae sites of cellular respiration (ATP production)

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Plasma Membrane (Fluid Mosaic model)

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Semipermeable/ Selectively permeable. controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Maintains the cells "Homeostasis" (Homo=same Stasis= standing)

Keeps the internal chemical composition within narrow limits.

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transport

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The movement of materials across the plasma membrane.

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Passive Transport:

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Does not require (ATP Energy) from the cell.

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Simple Diffusion

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molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

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facilitated diffusion:

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A carrier protein combines with a specific substance and moves it across the membrane.

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Osmosis:

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The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane.

Water moves from a higher to a lower concentration of water

Water moves toward a region of higher solute (dissolved substance) concentration.

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Osmoregulation

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the control of water balance

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isotonic

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iso- same
tonic-tension

concentration of dissolved substances are the same inside and outside the cell. No net flow of water

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hypertonic:

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Hyper-above

More solute concentration

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Hypotonic

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Low solute conc.

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Plasmoptysis

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(osmotic lysis) Bursting of a cell in a hypotonic solution

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Plasmoptysis

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shrinkage of the cytoplasm due to loss of water in a hypertonic solution

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channel proteins:

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Portiens which form channels through the membrane allowing passage of certain molecules.

(Gated channels: some can act as "gates" that open and close)

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Active Transport

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Can move substances against their concentration gradient.

Requires that the cell expend energy (ATP)
e.g. Sodium-Potassium pump

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Endocytosis

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1)Phagocytosis (cell eating)
2)Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
3) Receptor- Mediated Endocytosis (way most viruses enter human cells

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Exocytosis

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Vacuole fuses w/ plasma membrane & expels contents from cell.

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Charles chamberland

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Porcelain filters used to filter (remove) bacteria

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Dmitri Ivanovsky

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Some filtrates remained infectious???

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Martinus Beijerinck

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"Contagium vivium fluidium" contagious living fluid

Later coined the name virus (meaning Poison or venom)

Prior to 1930's: Lack of technology needed to : isolate, propagate, observe and analyze was not available.

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Wendell Stanley

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Crystallized the first virus (TMV) Consisted of Protein and RNA
viruses first observed w/ and electron microscope

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Mendels Particles:

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Gregor Mendel

Certain inherited traits seem to be passed from parent to offspring as discrete hereditary "particles"

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Hershey and chase

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genetic material of some viruses was DNA

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General Characteristics and structure of viruses

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Contain a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

Contain a protein coat (Capsid) around the nucleic Acid

Consists of protein subunits called capsomeres

Is Antigenic/Immunogenic (stimulates antibody production

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some viruses have a/an

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envelope around the protein coat.

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Multiply inside living cells

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(viruses can't synthesize proteins or generate ATP

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Viruses take over

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the metabolic activity of host cells

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Important for clinical control:

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Difficult to disrupt viral replication w/out interfiering w/ host cell funciton

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virus size

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Most only seen w/ an electron microscope (20-1400 nm)

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virus Shapes

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helical/spiral

Icosahedral (20 sided polyhedron) Enveloped; complex

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Environmental Effects on Viruses

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A. Heat: most are destroyed by > 60 degrees C
B. Cold: little effect (survive -76 degrees c over 1 yr
c. Desiccation: Tolerated drying
D.pH: tolerates pH ~5-9
E. Disinfectants: most are ineffective Alcohol can destroy lipid enveloped viruses

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Oxidizing

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agents are most effective
e.g. Hyrogen peroxide, cholorine, iodine

f. UV light damages nucleic acid

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Classification: Based on:

(viruses)

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1) Type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
2) Strategy for replication
3) Morphology

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Cultivation of Viruses (reguires _________)

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Living cells

1)living animals and plants
2)embryonated eggs: Virus is injected into embryonic tissues and membranes
3)Tissue/Cell culture: Cells in solution that provides : nutrients, proper osmotic pressure, pH etc
Primary cell and embryonic diploid cell lines: Grow for a short time in vitro
Continuous/immortal cell lines: Can be maintained I virto indefinitely
4) Bacterial Culture