Test 2 Geographer's Craft

Front 1

Raw Data Errors

Back 1

Position Uncertainty (Where?)
--Horizontal and Vertical
Time Uncertainty (When?)
Attribute Uncertainty (What?)
Completedness

Front 2

Digitizing Errors

Back 2

Overshoot, Overlap, Undershoot, Sliver

Front 3

Tobler's Law

Back 3

Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more closley related than distant things.

Front 4

Correlation

Back 4

When things vary together, not related to chance.
Positive, Negative and no-correlation.

Front 5

Autocorrelation

Back 5

a property displayed by a series of adjacent items not being independent of each other.

Front 6

Temporal Autocorrelation

Back 6

non-independence of measurements among phenomena as a function of the time of their occurrence relative to other phenomena; temporal analogue of spatial autocorrelation.

Front 7

Cluster Space

Back 7

can be randomly dispersed, positively autocorrelated, negatively autocorrelated.

Front 8

Visualization Errors Types

Back 8

Raw Data Errors, Digiitizing Errors, Processing Errors, Conceptual Errors, Visualization Errors.

Front 9

Processing Errors

Back 9

errors assoicated with the use of a wrong datum, units, missing values, spelling mistakes, address mistakes, ect..

Front 10

Conceptual Errors

Back 10

errors associated with conceptual definitions such as a forest or lake.

Front 11

Error Types

Back 11

I: we say a relationship exists when it doesn't. Rejection of a true null hypothesis.
II: we say that no relationship exists when it does. Accept a false null hypothesis.

Front 12

Levels of Measurment

Back 12

Nominal
-type of tree.
-anything that represents the name of something
Ordinal
-relative size of tree.
-no meaning in terms of addition or subtraction.
Interval
-Temperature of a tree.
Ratio
-height of tree
-math works
Cyclic
-based on 360 degrees.
-hard to compare.

Front 13

Measuring Uncertianty

Back 13

Blunder
-mistake of screwing up.
Noise
-instramentation errors.
-can be averaged out.
Bias
-cannot be averaged out.
-design flaws

Front 14

Orthophotoquad

Back 14

DOQQ
Mosaic of aerial photograhs that have been photo rectified (warped to fit space).

Front 15

Scale

Back 15

Phenomenon Scale
-size of things, regardless of how they are studied.
-a lake is larger than a pond.
Analysis Scale
-size of the unit at which something is analyzied.
-data at the state level are at a larger scale than data a a county level.
Cartographic Scale
-depicted size of a feature on a map relative to its actual size in the world.

Front 16

Visualization Errors

Back 16

Generalization, exaggeration, symbolization, omission, lighting, colors.

Front 17

Point (Position) Statistics

Back 17

CEP, RMS, DMRS, 2DRMS

Front 18

CEP

Back 18

Circular Error Probable
-Radius of a circle arount the 50 percent of values closest to the mean
-Freak values do not matter

Front 19

RMS

Back 19

Root Mean Squared Error
-standard deviation

Front 20

DRMS

Back 20

Distance Root Mean Squared

Front 21

2DRMS

Back 21

95% of radial error
every data value counts.

Front 22

Visualizing Uncertainty

Back 22

Intrinsic Symbols
-Chlorpleth Hues
-City size circles
Extrinsic Variable
-bar graphs
-vector arrows
-charts

Front 23

How to manage errors

Back 23

expect them, minimize them, report them.

Front 24

Electronic Imaging

Back 24

Photocells and CCDs
Reflected Electromagnetic energy
thermal, microwave, radar, lasers...

Front 25

Pattern Recognition

Back 25

Spatial Patterns
-Size, shape, texture, pixel relationships
-human interpretation advantage
Spectral Patters
-non-visual, often counterintuitive.
-different for pixels or clusters
-Human interpretation often not useful.

Front 26

Accuracy

Back 26

-The degree to which a quantity is free from error.
-Degree to which a measurement conforms to that which it represents
-The level of correctness in the measurement of a survey.

Front 27

Precision

Back 27

-Degree of refinement with which a measurement is expressed.
-the degree of exactness with which a quality is stated.
-level of measurement in a survey.
-similar to cartographic scale.
-Map Scale=Map Precision

Front 28

Map Errors

Back 28

Fact
-missing, moved, misclassified
Time
-Gone, changed, planned future.
Cartographic Adjustments
-abstraction, generalization, exaggeration
Symbol Adjustments
-line width, types, colors, patterns....

Front 29

Map Accuracy

Back 29

Position
-Horizontal, vertical, 3-D
Implicit relationship between scale and accuracy:
-the larger the scale the more reliable the plotted positions
Explicit relationship between scale and accuracy
-national map accuracy standard.

Front 30

National Map Accuracy Standard

Back 30

For 1:24,000 scale map

Front 31

Null Hypothesis

Back 31

The alternative hypothesis, typically

Front 32

Participatory Approaches

Back 32

Cooption
-Token participation
-Community has no input
Compliance
-research agenda decided by ousiders
-community is assigned tasks
Consultation
-Local opinion is sought
-outsiders analyze situation and decide actions
Cooperation
-Local people work together with researchers to determin prioritietes
Co-Learning
-Local people set their own agenda
-community and outsiders form action plans
Collective action
-local people set their own agenda
-community carries and agenda
-no external initiators or monitors.

Front 33

Semi-Variogram

Back 33

distance of statistical relatedness.
half of the variance.

Front 34

Nugget, Sill, Range

Back 34

Nugget: amount of semi-variance you cant go below.
Sill: where value levels out amount of semi variance.
Range: is distance (ground distance) where meet the sill.