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266 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Another name for atrioventricular
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secondary pacemaker of the heart
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Another name for the epicardium is?
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visceral pericardium
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The valve b/w the left ventricle and ascending aorta?
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aortic semilunar valve
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Long term chronic bronchitis may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading to Right Heart Failure-this condition is known as?
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Cor Pulmonale
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Why is the left atrioventricular valve (mitral) heard predominantly (its louder) while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV valve (tricuspid)?
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pressure is much higher
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An electrical rate of over 300/minutes is known as?
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fibrilation
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Which of the cranial nerves reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
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vagus nerve
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A scientific term for a truly multinucleated cell is?
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anatomical syncytium
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Which medication used to treat heart disease indirectly causes in an increase in calcium within cardiac muscle cells?
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digitalis
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Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate?
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sympathetic nervous system
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Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be available to diffuse into the heart cells?
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digitalis
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Name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?
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tricuspid valve
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What characteristic of an EKG would indicate SA node damage?
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Missing P wave
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An increase in blood pressure of the arteries of the lungs caused by lung disease and subsequent loss of its vasculature?
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pulmonary hypertension
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Difficulty breathing is known as?
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dyspnea
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Specialized muscles in the ventricles of the heart which hold tension on the string-like cords that connect to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves?
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papillary muscles
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A stage of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside?
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resting
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Which of the adrenergic receptors causes an increase rate and strength of contraction?
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Beta 1
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The cavity between the lungs containing the pericardium and heart is known as the?
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mediastinum
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What is the location of the right and left bundle branches?
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interventricular septum
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This used to be as fetal pulmonary bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch?
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ligamentum arteriosum
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Where is the edema that is typical of left heart failure?
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lungs
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According to our notes, what is the normal rate set up by the SA node?
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75 bpm
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This maintains the electrochemical gradients for cells?
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sodium pump
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The "charge" or voltage difference at the Motor End Plate is known as the end plate "______"?
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Potential
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Cardiac muscles require _________ calcium compared to skeletal muscles?
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extracellular
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A "dimple" or indentation in the interatrial septum that marks the location of a fetal pulmonary bypass?
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fossa ovalis
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According to our notes, what is the rate of Sinus Rhythm?
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75 bpm
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The name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat?
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stroke volume (SV)
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Through which part of the aorta does blood flow inferiorly?
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descending aorta
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Anxiety is a __________ chronotropic factor?
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positive
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What type of tissue makes up the conducting fibers of the heart which carry its action potentials?
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cardiac muscle
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Which of the adrenergic receptors causes bronchodilation?
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Beta 2
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Which of the adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels?
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Beta 2
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Another name for the primary pacemaker of the heart?
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sinoatrial node
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A group of drugs used to treat heart disease causes vasodilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?
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nitrates
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Venous return determines the tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction which determines?
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Preload
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According to our notes, what is the normal heart rate?
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75 bpm
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What characteristic of an EKG would indicate damage in atria blocking AP's?
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Prolonged P-Q segment
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Another name for the secondary pacemaker of the heart?
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atrioventricular node
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caused by Cor Pulmonale, this is due to a permanent increase in the afterload for the right ventricle?
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right heart failure
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long term black lung may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure-this condition is known as?
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Cor Pulmonale
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Which medication used for hypertension reduces vasoconstriction and water retention to allow a drop in blood pressure?
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ACE inhibitors
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The pressure in the left atrium should be ________ than the pressure in the right atrium?
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higher
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An enzyme that is needed for the production of amino acids & used in Kreb's cycle. When cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
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serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
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If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over and set the heart rate at ______ bpm?
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40-50
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What would be the average heart rate if the vagus nerves were destroyed?
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100 bpm
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What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?
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aortic valve
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Another name for the visceral pericardium is?
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epicardium
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If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over, but the heart rate is known as ________ or ________ rhythm?
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nodal or junctional
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One phase of a neuron's action potential that is NOT seen in that of a cardiac muscle cell is?
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hyperpolarization
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A heart rate less than 60 bpm is known as?
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bradycardia
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what is the mean arterial pressure?
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96 mm Hg
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One characteristic of cardiac muscle which helps to prevent the myocardium from entering tetanus or fatigue is a much longer ________ __________ _________ as compared to skeletal muscle?
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absolute refractory period
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The volume in the heart chamber just prior to contraction represents?
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preload
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For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the ventricles?
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QRS Complex
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The sodium pump moves potassium ____ the cells?
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in
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which of the autonomic nervous systems is a positive chronotropic factor?
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sympathetic nervous system
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Epinephrine is a ______ chronotropic factor?
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positive
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The area of the brain which increases heart rate and strength of contraction is known as?
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cardioacceleratory center
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Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be pumped out which reduces the sodium chemical gradient?
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digitalis
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A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative?
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repolarization
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Once the AP leaves the AV node, what is the next structure that it enters during its conduction?
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atrioventricular bundle
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The AV node is located in the ______, near the bottom of the atrium just behind the opening for the coronary sinus?
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interatrial septum
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the sodium pump moves sodium ____ of the cell?
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out
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In the trilogy of heart failure, the second phase is?
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myocardial ischemia
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A sound that indicates too much volume in atrium as in Mitral Valve Regurgitation when heard in patients over 30 years old?
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S3
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Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate and strength of contraction?
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sympathetic
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Which valve prevents blood in the right atrium from entering the vena cava?
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none
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Give the location of the cardioacceleratory center?
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medulla oblongata
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Preload is represented by the amount of blood returning to the atria which is known as?
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venous return
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Bundles of muscles only seen in the right atrium?
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pectinate muscles
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For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the atria?
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P wave
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What is the systolic pressure in the left ventricle?
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120 mm Hg
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What is the location of the atrioventricular bundle?
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interventricular septum
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The is more potassium ______ of most cells?
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inside
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The tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction is called?
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Preload
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How high can the ejection fraction reach during exercise?
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90%
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What condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?
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sympathetic tone of arterial walls
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An abnormal "Gallop" indicating possible myocardial damage which causes stiff walls (noncompliant or non-elastic) which vibrates when blood hits them an makes sound.
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S4
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Which of the autonomic nervous systems decreases heart rate?
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parasympathetic nervous system
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An action potential that originates anywhere except the SA node is known as an?
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Ectopic Focus
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One noteworthy characteristic of the action potential as it passes through the AV node is the AV node_____?
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Delay
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This maintains a hypertonic sodium solution outside of the cell and a hypertonic potassium solution inside?
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sodium pump
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These take DEOXYGENATED BLOOD to the lungs?
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pulmonary arteries
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What is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?
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end systolic volume (EDV)
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The sodium pump moves _____ sodium ions?
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three
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Another name for PVC's which indicate the fact that an extra QRS complex occurs during the cardiac cycle?
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extrasystole
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A point of no return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated?
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threshold
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Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a positive chronotropic factor?
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norepinephrine
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What causes the plateau seen in the graph for a cardiac muscle's action potential?
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calcium influx
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What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?
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pulmonary valve
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Once the AP leaves the bundle branches, what are the next structures that it enters during its conduction?
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purkinje fibers
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continuous low level vagal stimulation is known as?
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vagal tone
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Factors which decrease the hearts strength of contraction are known as?
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negative inotropic factors
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The area of the brain which reduces heart rate and strength of contraction is known as?
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cardioinhibitory center
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Which part of the descending aorta is located below the diaphragm?
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abdominal
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Generally, what is the formula for determing your maximum heart rate for testing?
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220-age
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what specific tissue makes up the innermost lining of the heart?
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simple squamous epithelium
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An enzyme that converts Lactic Acid to Pyruvic Acid. When cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
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lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
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This term describes the parasympathetic nervous system receptors?
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cholinergic
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Which major veins returns blood to the heart from structures below the diaphragm?
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inferior vena cava
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A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes MORE NEGATIVE than the resting state is known as _______?
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hyperpolarization
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Factors which effect the hearts strength of contraction are known as?
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inotropic factors
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The speed or velocity of the action potential through the heart is slowed down in the AV node. The purpose of this slow down is?
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allow for optimal filling in the ventricles
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This term describes the sympathetic nervous system receptors because of their close relationship to epinephrine or adrenalin?
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adrenergic receptors
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Most cells are _____ on the outside of the cell membrane?
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positive
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The loss of arteries due to tissue damage ______ afterload?
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increases
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What characteristic of an EKG would indicate a left bundle branch block?
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Bifid R wave
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Does atherosclerosis _____ afterload?
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increase
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Name the ion channels effected by acetylcholine?
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potassium channels
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If the heart muscle works too hard, it will increase in size (like any muscle) due to an increase in the individual muscle cells, not an increase in the number of muscle cells...this condition of size increase is?
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hypertrophy
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Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the semilunar valves?
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S2
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Which medication used to treat heart disease reduces the amount of calcium pumped out of the heart muscle cells?
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digitalis
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Which of the two atrioventricular valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?
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mitral or bicuspid
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What is the volume (in milliliters) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?
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50ml
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The part of aorta giving off the first 3 major arteries?
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aortic arch
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most cell are______ on the inside of the cell membrane?
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negative
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The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by ejection of blood from the heart's chamber?
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systole
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Caffeine is a _______chronotropic factor?
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positive
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Factors that effect heart rate are known as?
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chronotropic
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The phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to contract, but all valves are closed?
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isovolumetric contraction (IVC)
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What condition in the cardiac muscle cell is induced by acetylocholine?
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the cell is hyperpolarized
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Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation?
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beta 2
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Which part of the conducting system of the heart begin at the apex & move up the sides of the heart & into the papillary muscles?
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purkinje fibers
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How much blood enters the ventricles due to atrial contraction?
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20%
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A term that reflects a condition of abnormally low plasma potassium levels?
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hypokalemia
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Which of the parasympathetic receptors reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
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muscarinic
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What effect on blood pressure would vasoconstriction have, generally?
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increases bp
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a layer of tissue that is adhered to the heart muscle?
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visceral pericardium
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Which medication used to treat heart disease forces calcium to build up within the cardiocytes which increases SOC?
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digitalis
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Which medication used to treat heart disease resets heart muscle cells to re-establish sinus rhythm by blocking the sodium channels open?
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lidocaine
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What is the systolic pressure in the right ventricle?
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12-25 mm Hg
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The name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute?
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cardiac output
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What characteristic of an EKG would indicate ventricular hypertrophy?
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enlarged R
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A small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the right atrium?
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right auricle
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Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a negative chronotropic factor?
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acetylcholine
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What effect on blood pressure would an increased strength of contraction have?
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increases bp
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difficulty breathing when lying down is known as?
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orthopnea
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Which substance is pumped OUT of a cell by the sodium pump?
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sodium
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What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric relaxation?
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all 4 valves are closed
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The left heart continues to push blood into the right heart, however, the right heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?
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the periphery especially the lower extremitites
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identify and tell what happens to the ion effected by acetylcholine?
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potassium floods OUT of the cell
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What is a normal sinus rhythm for a neonate (new born?
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120 bpm
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What characteristic of an EKG would indicate cardiac ischemia or hypoxia?
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Flattened T
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What happens to the contraction of a heart chamber if the tension` on the walls of that chamber is increased just prior to contraction?
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increases
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factors that decrease heart rate are known as?
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negative chronotropic
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Which of the two semilunar valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?
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aortic
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A heart rate b/w 100-150 bpm is known as?
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tachycardia
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An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to another molecule. When cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
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creatine kinase (CK)
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Give the location of the cardioinhibitory center?
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medulla oblongata
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Another name for congestive heart failure (CHF) is?
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left heart failure
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which of the heart sounds represents closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
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S1
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For an EKG, what hides the repolarization of the ventricles?
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T wave
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Described as a gallop, this heart sound may be normal in children and young adults, but indicates disease if over 30 years old?
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S3
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How long does it take a person's heart to pump their entire blood volume?
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one minute
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Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a negative chronotropic factor?
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parasympathetic nervous system
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The S3 sound in adults over 30 years old may be caused by what cardiovascular condition?
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mitral valve regurgitation
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An electrical rate between 250-300/minute is known as?
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flutter
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The clogging of the arteries is known as?
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atherosclerosis
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The sodium pump moves ______ potassium ions?
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two
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This process is an example of primary active transport?
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sodium pump
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The loss of arteries due to limb amputation _______ afterload?
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increases
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small appendage-like chambers that adds volume to the left atrium?
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left auricle
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Another name for left heart failure is?
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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What does a low ejection fraction indicate?
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heart disease
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Where is the edema seen that is typical of right heart failure?
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the periphery especially the lower extremities
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The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the filling of the heart's chamber?
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diastole
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Which neurotransmitter reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
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acetylcholine
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What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric contraction?
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all 4 valves are closed
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A condition in which an underlying respiratory condition causes pulmonary hypertension which eventually results in right heart failure?
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cor pulmonale
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The value in millimeters for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat?
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70 ml
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What is the volume of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?
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120 ml
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Because the heart relies on extracellular calcium, one line of treatment for diseases such as hypertension is to use drugs such as?
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calcium channel blockers
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A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive?
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depolarization
|
|
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What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries?
|
12-25/8
|
|
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Which of the adrenergic receptors increases the heart rate?
|
Beta 1
|
|
|
Which of the autonomic nervous systems reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
What effect on blood pressure would an increased heart rate have?
|
increases bp
|
|
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50% of all deaths and approximately 1/3 of those b/w the age of 35-50 are caused by?
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coronary artery disease
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for the heart, the mechanism of its action potential is similar to that of a neuron with the obvious exception of the ______, which is caused by calcium influx?
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plateau
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when looking at the general population, what is the maximum heart rate that can be reached before there is not enough filling time so there is a reduction in the ejection fraction and a loss of heart's efficiency?
|
bpm
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The phase of systole when blood is forced out of a ventricle is known as?
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ventricular ejection
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this type of gradient keeps MORE sodium OUTSIDE of the cell and MORE potassium INSIDE of the cell
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chemical
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A term for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?
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ejection fraction
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What characteristic of an EKG would indicate atrial hypertrophy?
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Enlarged P wave
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What characteristic of an EKG would indicate myocardial infarction?
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enlarged Q and/or inverted T
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The stretch of the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents?
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preload
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|
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into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than the lungs)?
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superior vena cava
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For an EKG, a wave sometimes seen in a normal EKG has unknown origins is the?
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U wave
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Factors which increase the hearts strength of contraction are known as?
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positive inotropic factors
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another name for the sinoatrial node that reflects its ability to automatically generate action potentials in the heart?
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primary pacemaker
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|
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another name for adrenalin is?
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epinephrine
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Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction?
|
alpha 1
|
|
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a large artery leading from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries
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pulmonary trunk
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the resistance or pressure against which the heart must pump is known as?
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afterload
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|
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long term emphysema may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading to right heart failure-this condition is known as?
|
cor pulmonale
|
|
|
the value for the percent of blood pumped out each beat?
|
58.33%
|
|
|
What condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?
|
sympathetic tone of arterial walls
|
|
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Which of the following statements best describes an electrocardiograph?
|
EKG's represent the electrical events in the entire heart
|
|
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The phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to relax, but all valves are closed?
|
isovolumetric relaxation (IVR)
|
|
|
reversible damage of the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow?
|
myocardial ischemia
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|
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What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left ventricle?
|
120/0
|
|
|
The right heart continues to push blood into the left heart, however, the left heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?
|
lungs
|
|
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the loss of elasticity or hardening of the arteries is called?
|
arteriosclerosis
|
|
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What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right atrium?
|
5/0
|
|
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Any abnormal rate & rhythm of heart is known as?
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dysrhythmias or arrhythmias
|
|
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ischemic necrosis
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myocardial infarction
|
|
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a condition caused by long term pulmonary diseases the increase afterload in right ventricle, causing the right ventricle to work harder, & hypertrophies (enlarges), is known as?
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cor pulmonale
|
|
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the loss of arteries due to scaring ______ afterload?
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increase
|
|
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What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left atrium?
|
8/0
|
|
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If both the SA and the AV nodes stop working, the Purkinje Fibers will take over, however, the rhythm is VERY slow with a rate of only ____bpm?
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20-40
|
|
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the sinoatrial node is located in the ______which is in the roof of the right atrium
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cristae terminalis
|
|
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The tension in the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents?
|
preload
|
|
|
The wall b/w the two atria is known as?
|
interatrial septum
|
|
|
A concept that states: the greater the stretch/tension on the wall of the heart the greater the force of contraction is?
|
frank-starling law
|
|
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What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the aortic arch?
|
120/80
|
|
|
another, older name for the atrioventricular bundle is?
|
bundle of His
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|
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What is a name for the normal heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?
|
sinus rhythm
|
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Which substance is pumped INTO a cell by the sodium pump?
|
potassium
|
|
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Once the AP leaves the atrioventricular bundle, what is the next structure (or structures) that it enters during its conduction?
|
right &left bundle branches
|
|
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Which medication used to hypertension to reduces blood volume by increasing urine output?
|
diuretics
|
|
|
cardiac output is essentially equal to?
|
total blood volume
|
|
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sudden, extreme, attack of breathing difficulty that occurs at night?
|
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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|
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a reduction in blood flow is called?
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ischemia
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Pain experienced in the chest and left neck/arm pain due to build up of lactic acid in heart caused by the hypoxic conditions of clogged arteries?
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angina pectoris
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What is the approximately systolic/diastolic pressure of the right ventricle?
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12-25/0
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During an increase in heart rate as seen during exercise, which part of the cardiac cycle is shortened?
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diastole
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How much blood enters the ventricles due to venous return alone (blood entering atria from veins) and not atrial contraction?
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80%
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What is a probable cause for most angina pain?
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lactic acid build up in the heart
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A fanny-schmancy term that indicates that a person passed out due to anxiety or fear of a needle?
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vasovagal epidode with concomitant syncope
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Which medication used to treat heart disease poisons the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?
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digitalis
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Without the influence or vagal tone, what would be the heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?
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100 bpm
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A term that indicates that even though the heart is really mononucleated, due to the intercalated discs, they behave as if they were one giant multinucleated cell?
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functional syncytium
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Which part of the descending aorta is located above the diaphragm?
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thoracic
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Nicotine is ________chronotropic factor?
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positive
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Where is the congestion that is typical of left heart failure
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lungs
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another name for epinephrine is?
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adrenalin
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The blood pressure in peripheral arterioles is known as?
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afterload
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outermost layer of the heart which is adhered to the heart muscle?
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epicardium
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how much of the blood that enters the ventricles is contributed to by atrial contraction?
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20%
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the innermost lining of the heart is known as?
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endocardium
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What is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?
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end diastolic volume (EDV)
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What is the function of the plateau seen in the graph of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential?
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maximize emptying
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factors that increase heart rate are known as?
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positive chronotropic
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which of the cholinergic receptors decrease the heart rate?
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muscarinic
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in the trilogy of heart failure, the third phase is?
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myocardial infarction
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Heart muscles on the inside of both ventricles that produces all the nooks n crannies are known as?
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trabeculae carneae
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vessels which return OXYGENATED blood to the left atrium from the lungs?
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pulmonary veins
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The wall b/w the two ventricles?
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interventricular septum
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Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
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right ventricle
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in the trilogy of heart failure, the first phase is?
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coronary artery disease
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the chamber of the heart pumps blood to the entire body (except the lungs)
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left ventricle
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a term that means a sudden, extreme, attack bordering on suffocation?
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paroxysmal
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the sac that surrounds the heart?
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parietal pericardium
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for an EKG, and extra wave sometimes caused by low potassium?
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U wave
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A concept that states: a heart chamber will eject as much blood as it receives, so an increased venous return causes increased SV & increased ejection fraction?
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Frank-Starling Law
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An increase in a structure's size due to an increase in individual cells and not due to an increase in the number of cells, as seen when you exercise a muscle?
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hypertrophy
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sympathetic stimulation of the alpha 1 receptors _______ afterload?
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increase
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Why is the left semilunar valve (aortic) heard predominantly (its louder) while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV valve (pulmonary)?
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pressure is much higher
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Which medication used to treat heart disease reduces the sodium-calcium counter transport (secondary active transport)?
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digitalis
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A drug used to treat heart disease causes vasodilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?
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nitroglycerine
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An atrioventricular valve b/w the left atrium and left ventricle?
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mitral or bicuspid valve
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What characteristic of an EKG would indicate an extra QRS complex occurring during a cardiac cycle?
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premature ventricular contractions (PVC)
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The middle layer of the heart, it is the thickest layer and is composed of the heart muscle?
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myocardium
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valve b/w the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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