Test 2 Biopsych Notes

Front 1

Ventral tegmental region, substantia nigra, red nucleus- important for

Back 1

local motor output

Front 2

cerebellum 3 layers

Back 2

1. parallel fibers (molecular layer)
2. single row enormous neurons (Purkinje cells)
3.small granule cells

Front 3

striatum

Back 3

encoding different aspects of the task in Berk experiment (10.4.2010)

Front 4

Hippocampus

Back 4

encoding location in space Berke experiment (10.4.2010)

Front 5

dorsal striatum in rats similar to

Back 5

caudate and putamen in primates

Front 6

Dorsal striatum important for

Back 6

loco motor output and habit learning

Front 7

ventral striatum

Back 7

(activation in nucleus acumbens) important for emotion and reward processing

Front 8

cortex projects into

Back 8

striatum

Front 9

substantial nigra

Back 9

contains neurons that release dopamine
-critical for motor control

Front 10

nucleus acumbens

Back 10

-one part ex: rostral nucleus acumbens important for repetative adaptive behaviors
-one part ex: caudal nucleus acumbens important for aversive adaptive behaviors

Front 11

hindbrain houses neurons for which neurotransmitters

Back 11

dopamine, serotonin, norepinepherin (very few of these cells, but project out to massive areas of the brain)

Front 12

MOA transmitter systems are important targets for

Back 12

antidepressants, serotonin, norepinepherin, dopamine

Front 13

pons is part of

Back 13

the brainstem

Front 14

Pons is important location for cranial nerve access to the brain

Back 14

(VIII)

Front 15

Medulla is the caudal most portion of the

Back 15

brainstem and marks the transition from the brainstem to the spinal cord

Front 16

hindbrain is comprised of

Back 16

primarily the pons and the medulla

Front 17

Medulla is essential for

Back 17

respiration and heart rate, damage to the medulla is fatal

Front 18

main active ingredient in Marajuana is

Back 18

THC

Front 19

THC acts at

Back 19

CB1 and CB2 receptors in the brain

Front 20

hindbrain houses neurons for which neurotransmitters

Back 20

dopamine, serotonin, norepinepherin (very few of these cells, but project out to massive areas of the brain)

Front 21

MOA transmitter systems are important targets for

Back 21

antidepressants, serotonin, norepinepherin, dopamine

Front 22

pons is part of

Back 22

the brainstem

Front 23

Pons is important location for cranial nerve access to the brain

Back 23

(VIII)

Front 24

Medulla is the caudal most portion of the

Back 24

brainstem and marks the transition from the brainstem to the spinal cord

Front 25

hindbrain is comprised of

Back 25

primarily the pons and the medulla

Front 26

Medulla is essential for

Back 26

respiration and heart rate, damage to the medulla is fatal

Front 27

main active ingredient in Marajuana is

Back 27

THC

Front 28

THC acts at

Back 28

CB1 and CB2 receptors in the brain

Front 29

ACC and AI important for

Back 29

empathy

Front 30

hippocampus

Back 30

important for spatial learning

Front 31

hypothalamus

Back 31

regulates hunger, thirst, temp. regulation, reproductive behavior, and regulation of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland (critical for hormone regulation)

Front 32

acumbens, hippocampus and amydala are

Back 32

limbic strucs. important for emotion, learning and memory

Front 33

red nucleus

Back 33

communicates w/ motorneurons in spinal cord

Front 34

substantial Nigra (SN) and Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

Back 34

dopamine containing neurons project to striatum

Front 35

Raphe nucleus

Back 35

location of serotonin containing cells

Front 36

serotonin important for

Back 36

sleep, mood, sexual behavior

Front 37

Locus Coeruleus

Back 37

modulates mood, arousal, and sexual behavior
-norephinephrine cells

Front 38

cerebellum important for

Back 38

motor coordination and control, integration of sensory and motor function, motor learning (eye blink learning)

Front 39

CB1 receptors are everywhere except

Back 39

in the medulla, not important for life and death that's why someone can smoke a trashbag full of weed and not die

Front 40

ventricular system

Back 40

serves a a shock absorber and exchange of nutrients btw. blood and brain tissue

Front 41

ventricle flow

Back 41

Lateral ventricle-->third ventricle-->fourth ventricle

Front 42

CSF flows to spinal cord from

Back 42

below the cerebellum

Front 43

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) is located at the

Back 43

blood capilaries

Front 44

blood capilaries of the BBB are unusual in two ways

Back 44

1)cells make up the walls of the vessels (the endothelium) are sealed by tight junctions, which prevent substances from entering the brain
2)capillaries are enclosed by 'end feet' of astrocytes which also act as a barrier for substances in the blood

Front 45

autonomic ganglia

Back 45

groups of neurons that are located outside of CNS

Front 46

parasympathetic includes cranial nerves ___ and spinal nerves ____

Back 46

III, VII, IX, and X, (S2-S4)

Front 47

regulation of neurotransmitters is achieved by several mechanisms (3)

Back 47

1.dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens removed rapidly by transporters (dopamine transporter; DAT)
2. degraded by enzymes for example, monoamine oxidase (MAO) breaks down catecholamines
3.Autoreceptor activation-neurotransmitters bind receptors on the presynaptic membrane, hyperpolarize the membrane, and decreases transmitter release (dopamine autoreceptors are in the D2 family)

Front 48

cocaine blocks

Back 48

dopamine transporter to allow dopamine to stay in place for longer, increases firing, acts primarily on dopamine but also on noephinepherine and serotonin

Front 49

6. synaptic rearrangment takes place for the remainder of the orgs life

Back 49

-synaptic connectivity regulated by neuronal activity (use it or lose it)
-essential for learning and memory

Front 50

photons captured by

Back 50

rhodopsin consits of two parts (retinal and opsin)

Front 51

testosterone causes mullerian ducts

Back 51

to develop

Front 52

if light activates rhodopsin it will

Back 52

hyperpolarize the photoreceptor cell

Front 53

under resting condition no light

Back 53

sodium channels are open
-held open by cGMP

Front 54

light causes rhodopsisn to

Back 54

dissociate (into retinal and opsin)
-opsin then combines w/Gprotein (transducin) causes cGMP to convert to 5'-GMP
-this reduction in cGMP allows Na+ channels to close = hyperpolarization

Front 55

radiation is

Back 55

energy that spreads as it travels

Front 56

electromagnetic spectrum just a name for

Back 56

grouping radiations

Front 57

different wavelengths correspond to different colors is perception and is the result of

Back 57

sensory transduction

Front 58

green sensitive cone (for example) rsponds to

Back 58

a range of wavelengths

Front 59

differentiation

Back 59

transformation of neuron into distinct type

Front 60

synaptogenesis

Back 60

establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow

Front 61

synaptic remodeling

Back 61

loss/growth of synapses to refine connectivity

Front 62

stages of cellular activity

Back 62

1.neurogenesis
2.cell migration
3.differntiation
4.synaptogenesis
5. cell death
6.synaptic remodeling

Front 63

1)Neurogenesis- cells on the iinner surface of the neural tube divide (mitosis and form a

Back 63

densely packed ventricular zone
-not neurons yet they are progeny cells
-source of all neurons and glia
-ventricular mitosis ocurs primarily before birth (few cells born after birth
-progeny cells migrate from ventricular layer to the marginal layer- later wall of neural tube thickens forming intermediate layer I

Front 64

2.cell migration- migration movement of progeny cell away from ventricular zone to their final destinations

Back 64

-don't migrate at random travel along a particular type of glia cell(radial glial cells)
-cell adhesion molecules guide cell migration
-when cells reach destination genes that make neuronal proteins are expressed
-cells differentiate into those appropriate for brain region (motor neurons in ventral horn, sensory neurons in dorsal horn)

Front 65

purkinje cell

Back 65

cell autonomous - opposite are cells that require induction cell to cell ex: motor neuron

Front 66

4. synapse formation dendrites and axons grow out to make synaptic connections

Back 66

-possess growth cones (comprised of lamellipodia and filopodia) specialied structures seek out the target
-target cells secrete chem. that guides growth cones (chemotropic guidance)
-both chemoattractants attract certain growth cones
-chemorepellents -repel certain growth cones
-synapses formed when cone contacts target or cells die

Front 67

5. Cell death (apoptosis)- critical phase of embryonic brain development

Back 67

-50% motor neurons die
-adding target tissue reduces cell death, rmoving tissue increases cell death
-neuronal darwinism- those w/out connection don't get trophic factors
-caspaces (death genes)

Front 68

Nerve growth factors

Back 68

feeds neurons , most famous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) important for neuroplasticity in adults

Front 69

within one week embryo has

Back 69

three distinct layers

Front 70

nervous system develops from the

Back 70

outer layer called the ectodorm

Front 71

ridges of the ectoderm continue to thicken and the middle portion forms the

Back 71

neural groove

Front 72

the top of the neural ridge come together to form

Back 72

the neural tube

Front 73

central canal will eventually develop into the

Back 73

ventricles

Front 74

neurogenesis

Back 74

mitotic division of non-neuronal cells to produce neurons (occurs in neural tube

Front 75

anterior portion of neural tube eventually develops into the

Back 75

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Front 76

posterior tube develops into

Back 76

spinal cord

Front 77

interior of neural tube develops into the

Back 77

cerebral ventricles

Front 78

cell migration

Back 78

movement of cells to establish distinct populations