Test 2 Biopsych

Front 1

8 cervical

Back 1

top most part of spine
-C1 & C2- Head and Neck
-C3 &C4- Diaphram
-C5- Deltoids, Biceps
-C6- wrist extenders
-C7-Tricepts
-C8- Hand

Front 2

12 thoracic

Back 2

second from the top spine
-T1-Hand
-T2-T7- Chest Muscles
-T8-T11- Abdominal Muscles
-T12- leg muscles

Front 3

5 lumbar

Back 3

third most from the top of the spine
-L1-L5- Leg muscles

Front 4

5 sacral

Back 4

bottom most segment of the spine
-S1-S3- Bowel, Bladder
-S4-S5- Sexual function

Front 5

Basal Ganglia can be seen in which view

Back 5

Horizontal section, Coronal (transverse) section

Front 6

Layer 1 of cortex has

Back 6

few cell bodies

Front 7

Layers II, III, V, and VI of cortex

Back 7

consists primarily of cell bodies or pyramidal neurons

Front 8

peripheral nervous system

Back 8

1) cranial nerves
2) spinal nerves
3) autonomic nervous system

Front 9

how does the signal get from the eye to visual cortex

Back 9

travels via cranial nerve II the optic nerve

Front 10

LGN

Back 10

subnucleus of the thalamus

Front 11

eye-->optic nerve (tract)-->LGN-->visual cortex

Back 11

visual information processing

Front 12

12 cranial nerves

Back 12

7 sensory
5 motor

Front 13

5 motor cranial nerves

Back 13

-3 (III) Oculomotor
-4 (IV) Trochlear
-6 (VI) Abducens
-11 (XI) Spinal accessory
-12 (XII) Hypoglossal

Front 14

7 sensory cranial nerves

Back 14

-1 (I) Olfactory
-2 (II) Optic
-5 (V) trigeminal
-7 (VII) Facial
-8 (VIII) Vestibulocochlear
-9 (IX) Glossopharyngeal
-10 (X) Vagus

Front 15

Trigeminal nerve

Back 15

-cranial nerve V
-has both sensory and motor components

Front 16

Vagus nerve

Back 16

-cranial nerve X innervates much of the periphery
-does all of the projecting below (trigenial neuralgia-constant pain, shooting pain)if severed can't feel anything on the contralateral side of the body

Front 17

cranial nerves

Back 17

most cranial nerves impact just the head and neck

Front 18

hypothalamus is made of a bunch of different subnuclei

Back 18

paraventricular nucleus, superoptic nucleus contain endocrine neurons which project down into the posterior pituitary and relaease on the capillary system

Front 19

oxytocin stimulates

Back 19

uterine contractions, which triggers milk letdown, facilitates social bonds (released during orgasm)

Front 20

Vasopressin (AVP) acts on

Back 20

kidney to reduce urine output (water conservation), increases blood pressure

Front 21

anterior pituitary gland

Back 21

-neurosecretary cells in hypothalamus produce releasing hormones are secreted into hypothalmic pituitary portal system, releasing hormones circulate to anterior pituitary endocrine cells to stimulate release of tropic hormones, which circulate to target tissues to release target hormone

Front 22

neuroendocrine cell bodies in the hypothalamus produce releasing hormones
-neruons terminate at the

Back 22

mdian eminence- a region above the pituitary stalk that contains blood vessels the hypophyseal portal system
-releasing hormones travel through these vessels and are released in the anterior pituitary, where there are additional hormone producing cells, which produce tropic hormones, which are released into the bloodstream and travel to and regulate endocrine glands throughout the body

Front 23

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Back 23

critical for stress...flight or fight response
-under stressful conditions the hypothalamus produces corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) which is released into the capillaries in the median eminence
-CRH travels to the anterior pituitary and causes the release of a tropic hormone (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-released into the blood and travels to adrenal gland which releases cortisol, which feeds back to the anterior pituitary and decreases further ACTH release (negative feedback important for hormone regulation)

Front 24

in prairie voles, blockade of either dopamine or oxytocin receptors w/in the nucleus accumbens

Back 24

blocks mating-induced partner preferences which shows that these receptors are necessary for this behavior
-activation of dopamine or oxytoxcin receptors can facilitate partner preference formation
-shows that activation of these receptors is sufficient to produce this behavior

Front 25

protein and amine hormones bind to

Back 25

metabotropic receptors on the cell surface
-activate G-protein mediated second messenger cascades
-fast acting (seconds to minutes) (still slow compared to neurotransmitters like glutamate (miliseconds)

Front 26

steroid hormones

Back 26

-pass through cell membranes
-bind receptors located inside the cell
-form a complex and binds DNA
-then acts as a transcription factor
-takes hours to take effect...takes time to make new protein

Front 27

second messengers, like cAMP, can have immediate effects on proteins in the cell making

Back 27

protein and amine hormone effects rapid (but still slower than ion channels)

Front 28

similarities btw. neurons and endocrine cells

Back 28

1)both produce, store, and release chemical messages
2)neurons and endocrine cells are directed to release chemical messages by other cells
3)neurotransmitters and hormones act on receptor proteins; some using second messengers

Front 29

differences btw. neurons and endocrine cells

Back 29

1) neural is direct, hormones are diffuse
2)many neural signals are fast, hormonal messages are slow.

Front 30

main endocrine glands

Back 30

1)pineal gland: reproductive maturation; body rhythms
2)pituitary gland/anterior pituitary/posterior pituitary:/hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads; growth/water balance; salt balance
3)thyroid: growth and develoopment, metabolic rate
4)adrenal glands/adrenal cortex/adrenal medulla: /Salt and carbohydrate metabolism;inflammatory reactions, emotional arousal
5)pancreas: sugar metablolism
6)Gonads: body development; maintenance of reproductive organs in adults

Front 31

the pituitary gland is a

Back 31

major endocrine gland
-two distinct components: anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary (completely separate in function)

Front 32

oxytoxin and vasopressin neurons in the hypothalamus project

Back 32

to the posterior pituitary and are called hypothalamic

Front 33

nongenomic effects

Back 33

hormone binds at membrane through second messenger (ex: estrogen receptors on the membrane)

Front 34

neurosecretory cells extand all the way into the

Back 34

posterior pituitary and terminate on capillaries and action potentials release Oxytoxin (OT) and Vasopressin (AVP) into blood stream

Front 35

hormones traditionally define traveling through the blood, there is also

Back 35

neuroendocrine signaling that occurs w/in the brain (or from brain to pituitary)

Front 36

autocrine communication

Back 36

hormone released by a cell which then affects its own activity

Front 37

paracrine communication

Back 37

hormone released by a cell to affect nearby target cells

Front 38

endocrine communication

Back 38

hormone released into bloodstream to act on distal target tissues

Front 39

pheromones

Back 39

hormonal signaling from one individual to another

Front 40

allomones

Back 40

hormonal signaling btw. species

Front 41

principles of hormone action

Back 41

1)slow, gradual action that outlasts hormonal signal
2)changes intensity or probability of behavior rather than turning behavior on or off
3) hormones produced in small amts. often secreted in bursts
4) hormones affect metabolic processes in most cells
5)hormones affect only those cells that have receptors for the hormone

Front 42

protein hormones

Back 42

(strings of amino acids)-ex: vasopressin

Front 43

Amine hormones

Back 43

single amino acids e.g. thyroid hormone

Front 44

steroid hormones

Back 44

four carbon rings e.g., testosterone, estrogen

Front 45

norepinephrine receptors

Back 45

are metabotropic

Front 46

large population of acetylcholine containing neurons are located in the

Back 46

basal forebrain (including the diagonal band and nucleus basalis)
-project to hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex (important for attention and learning)
-lost in Alzheimers

Front 47

curare blocks ____ receptors (it is an _____)=paralysis

Back 47

nicotinic, antagonist

Front 48

all drugs of abuse increase dopamine in

Back 48

the nucleus accumbens

Front 49

microdialysis

Back 49

probe lowered into the dopamine region, porous membrane, artificial CSP pumped in and out and up a collection vial and inside the membrane conc. of dopamine is 0, extracellular space lots of dopamine moves into collection tube and gets pumped out and you can measure conc. of dopamine

Front 50

THC -lipid-endocannabinoids

Back 50

act on CB1 and CB2receptors (both metabotropic)
-endogenous ligand is a lipid like substance called anandamide
-not stored in vessicles, transport then deactivated by enzyme

Front 51

CB1 receptors are on the terminals that release

Back 51

glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine and monoamines
-anadamide is co-released
-binds CB1 receptors on the presynaptic terminals, which opens K+ channels which hyperpolarized the presynaptic neuron, reduces action potential frequency

Front 52

soluble gases (nitric oxide) produced from

Back 52

arginine by nitric oxide synthase and is released as soon as it is produced (not stored in vesicles)
-does not activate a membrane bound receptor
-enters cells and activates enzyme which produces a 2nd messenger (cGMP)

Front 53

hormone

Back 53

chemical of communication that is secreted into bloodstream and carried to distinct target tissues

Front 54

organs in the body that make and secrete hormones

Back 54

endocrine glands

Front 55

amino acid neurotransmitters

Back 55

GABA and Glutamate, and a wide variety of peptide neurotransmitters

Front 56

nicotinic receptor

Back 56

referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to nicotine as well as to acetycholine
-ionotropic
-excitatory
-muscles have nicotinic receptors

Front 57

muscarinic receptor

Back 57

referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to the chemical muscarine as well as to acetylcholine
-G-protein coupled (metabotropic) receptors
-can be excitatory or inhibitory

Front 58

striatum

Back 58

the caudate nucleus and putamen together

Front 59

dopamine

Back 59

metabotropic receptors

Front 60

glutamate

Back 60

metabotropic and ionotropic receptors

Front 61

gaba, acetylcholine

Back 61

ionotropic (fast changes in membrane potential)

Front 62

g proteins can be

Back 62

stimulatory or inhibitory

Front 63

stimulatory increase

Back 63

second messenger (CAMP- bind open ion channel) (allows amplification of the signal thousand second messenger per moleciule of bound dopamine)

Front 64

medium spiny neuron is a

Back 64

GABA containing cell

Front 65

cortex contains pyramidal cells which contain glutamate and it's job is

Back 65

put glutamate onto these meidium spiny neurons, which project caudally and have a GABA signal, they are constantly inhibiting caudally

Front 66

medium spiny neurons express either

Back 66

D1 or D2 type dopamine receptors (both metabotropic either have stimulatory or inhibitory over on CAMP system

Front 67

glutamate is major _____ on GABA receptors and chloride is the major _____on inhibitory GABA receptors

Back 67

depolarizer, hyperpolarizer

Front 68

output of these striatal cells is a

Back 68

gabaergic projection

Front 69

agonist is a drug (GABA receptor)

Back 69

that activates a receptor (relaxes you ex: xanax, benzodiazaphenes, rophies)

Front 70

D1 receptor

Back 70

stimulatory G protein (alpha binds adenelocyclase increases CAMP)

Front 71

D2 receptor

Back 71

reduces action of adenelocyclase and decreases the amt. of CAMP in the cell

Front 72

dopamine releases at

Back 72

the neck of the spine
-act more as a volume transmitter (not only acts in synaptic cleft but also escape and bind dopamine receptors outside of the synapse

Front 73

Glutamate only binds receptors in

Back 73

the synaptic cleft

Front 74

serotonin receptors are

Back 74

both ionotropic and metabotropic

Front 75

dopamine neurons are in the midbrain in the

Back 75

ventral tegmentum area (VTA) and substantia nigra

Front 76

VTA dopamine neurons project to the

Back 76

nucleus encumbens (w/in NE neuron it's projecting to is GABergic neuron)

Front 77

substancia nigra dopamine neurons project to

Back 77

more dorsal striatum

Front 78

molecule binding the receptor is the

Back 78

ligand, produced w/in the body (endogenous ligands)

Front 79

ionotropic receptors directly control

Back 79

ion channels (when ligand binds, channel opens and ions flow across the membrane into the cell)-ligand gated channel

Front 80

metabotropic (involves metabolic energy) receptors ligand binds and then indirectly

Back 80

opens ion channels through activation of G-proteins (slow, metabotropic receptors)

Front 81

gabergic neuron also receives glutamate projections from

Back 81

hippocampus, amydala, prefrontal cortex

Front 82

gabergic medium spiny neuron (cells of the striatum) receive dopamine and glutamate projections which work together to modulate

Back 82

activity of these gaba cells

Front 83

G protein consists of

Back 83

three subunits (alphe, beta, gama)

Front 84

alpha subunit of G protein either

Back 84

binds and opens an ion channel or binds an enzyme (such as adenylate cyclase) which produces a second messenger (cAMP), which can then bind and open ion channels

Front 85

sensory info sent to brain (peripheral) once it gets to brain, neural processing is called

Back 85

encoding

Front 86

range fractionization

Back 86

different cells respond to different intensities

Front 87

initial burth of activity

Back 87

phasic

Front 88

constant firing of a cell which is a stable firing

Back 88

tonic

Front 89

motor neurons never send inhibitions to muscle

Back 89

only excite, to inhibit system, must dumb inhibitory signal to level of neuron

Front 90

proprioception

Back 90

sense of your body's position in space

Front 91

suplementary motor area

Back 91

lesions here means patients cannot initiate movement

Front 92

extrapyramidal system

Back 92

engage the spinal cord through reticulospinal tract of rubrospinal tract

Front 93

rubrospinal is initiated (originates at)

Back 93

red nucleus dorsal to VTA strong projections from red nucleus to motor neurons in the spinal cord

Front 94

reticulospinal tract

Back 94

originates in the reticular formation

Front 95

basal ganglia receives dense dopamine innervation

Back 95

substantia nigra projections to dorsal striatum very important for mvemet

Front 96

learning of behaviors occur in

Back 96

basal ganglia

Front 97

apraxia

Back 97

results from stroke in parietal or frontal cortex

Front 98

parkinson's and huntingtons disease disorders of

Back 98

basal ganglia

Front 99

three different cranial nerves involved in taste

Back 99

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

Front 100

G protein involved in taste

Back 100

gustducin

Front 101

mutation in T1R2 prevents perception of

Back 101

sweet

Front 102

glomeruli

Back 102

are in olfactory bulb

Front 103

proceptive

Back 103

advertising that you are ready to mate

Front 104

signal transduction

Back 104

process of turning environmental information into sodium channels being open and action potentials occuring

Front 105

primary sensory cortex receives

Back 105

direct projections from the sensory organ or sensory portions of thalamus

Front 106

secondary sensory cortex receives direct projections from

Back 106

primary sensory cortex

Front 107

area of the brain responding to physical pain

Back 107

cingulate cortex

Front 108

trpv1 capsaicin - high enough temp causes c fiber to fire action potential

Back 108

trpv1 located on c fibers

Front 109

even higher temp Trp2 receptors

Back 109

adelta fibers not mylinated

Front 110

sensing pain in thumb

Back 110

reaches spinal cord synapse decussation at spine release glutamate and peptide transmitter called substance p in dorsal horn

Front 111

pariaqueductal gray

Back 111

opiate receptors activated here through release of endorphins brain kicks into gear to reduce pain as well as get away from it releases opioids which alleviate pain

Front 112

proceptive

Back 112

advertising that you are ready to mate

Front 113

signal transduction

Back 113

process of turning environmental information into sodium channels being open and action potentials occuring

Front 114

primary sensory cortex receives

Back 114

direct projections from the sensory organ or sensory portions of thalamus

Front 115

secondary sensory cortex receives direct projections from

Back 115

primary sensory cortex

Front 116

area of the brain responding to physical pain

Back 116

cingulate cortex

Front 117

traveling of noxious stimuli signal to brain is called

Back 117

nociception

Front 118

trpv1 capsaicin - high enough temp causes c fiber to fire action potential

Back 118

trpv1 located on c fibers

Front 119

even higher temp Trp2 receptors

Back 119

adelta fibers not mylinated

Front 120

sensing pain in thumb

Back 120

reaches spinal cord synapse decussation at spine release glutamate and peptide transmitter called substance p in dorsal horn

Front 121

pariaqueductal gray

Back 121

opiate receptors activated here through release of endorphins brain kicks into gear to reduce pain as well as get away from it releases opioids which alleviate pain

Front 122

sexual dimorphic nucleus in preoptic area

Back 122

area is much larger in males than females, homosexual men's sexually dimorphic nuclus looked like the female's

Front 123

hypothalamus very important to understand sex differences this is the brain region that talks to

Back 123

pituitary gland that causes release of hormone

Front 124

anterior pituitary regulates

Back 124

hormone secretion from the gonads

Front 125

nosuseptive or noxious stimulus

Back 125

info. leading to the likelyhood of experiencing pain and that's potentially damaging information (being burned)
-receptro proteins TrpV1 (changes in temp), even higher temp a delta fibers, hot right away- myelinated
-TrpV2- high temp and captasin (chili pepers) chemical, slow signal - capsasin on c fibers- unmylinated
-time delay with spicy
-free nerve endings right at skin's surface sense heat

Front 126

traveling of signal until pain is received

Back 126

nosuseption

Front 127

neurons in the hypothalamus that contain gonadotropin releasing hormone into pituitary gland

Back 127

which releases luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
-testosterone released into blood from testes and goes back to negatively feedback at anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
-high levels of testosterone act w/in brain and pituitary gland to negatively down regulate the production of GNRH, follicle stimulating hormone, lieutenzing hormone , and less testosterone is produced

Front 128

some androgen receptors in the hippocampus, amygdala etc.

Back 128

not just in hypothalamus, androgens play roles in behaviors

Front 129

(regular touch) detecting things in the environment nerve ending is in periphery cell body that produces that nerve ending originates in the dorsal root ganglion (dorsal portion of spinal cord important for sensory, ventral portion important for motor output)
-axon derived from unipolar in dorsal root ganglion (c8)
-multiple pathways at spinal cord detect at same level of thumb different sensations- touching and burning have two different cells that sense them and they run along the same spinal nerve tract

Back 129

1)sensory receptors send axons to the dorsal portion of the spinal cord
2)does not synapse goes straight up to the medulla where the first synapse occurs
3)at level of medulla it projects to thalamus by crossing over at the level of the medulla and up to the thalamus (right side of spinal cord projects to left side of thalamus and vice versa)

Front 130

progestins

Back 130

hormones that help maintain pregnancy

Front 131

estrogen receptors play important roles in both sexes

Back 131

progesterone is more important for the birthing process allowing for egg implantation, reducing uterine contractions, allowing production of milk and lactation

Front 132

albert niemann

Back 132

purified cocaine from leaves

Front 133

amphetamines bind to

Back 133

monamine transporters, slows uptake of dopamine and increases dopamine release too, which makes it stronger than cocaine

Front 134

dorsal horn of the spinal cord important for

Back 134

sensory processing

Front 135

endorphin

Back 135

acts as mu and delta

Front 136

dynorphin

Back 136

acts as kappa receptors

Front 137

enkephalin

Back 137

bind mu and delta (endorphins)

Front 138

touch pathway

Back 138

decussation happening at medulla to thalamus

Front 139

testosterone does not affect mullerian system

Back 139

anti mullerian hormone regresses the mullerian system
-testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone and that further results in the development of male secondary sex characteristics
-Dhy causes tissue around urethra to form prostrate gland, scrotum and penis

Front 140

if androgens are absent

Back 140

prostrate fails to form and external skin grows into labia and clitoris
-if syr gene is present you will develop testes

Front 141

antimullerian hormone causes mullerian ducts to not develop if no receptors to anct on

Back 141

hormone is invisible to system
-if you get rid of androgen receptors then system does not get masculinized further, but secondary sex characteristics are masculinized further

Front 142

V1 is not very sensitive to just spots of light

Back 142

visual cortical cells require more specific environmental stimuli to be activated

Front 143

V1 sends axons to other cortical regions important for vision V2 V4 and inferior temporal region referred to as

Back 143

extrastriate areas

Front 144

ventral stream important for

Back 144

identifying objects
-includes occipitotemporal, inferior temporal frontal areas

Front 145

dorsal stream

Back 145

important for locating an objecct

Front 146

in humans information about faces becomes more specific the more

Back 146

rostral the processing occurs

Front 147

anterior part of the dorsal stream merges with the motor cortex and includes neurons that have both

Back 147

visual and motor functions
-mirror neurons
-these neurons are important for transforming visual info. into knowledge

Front 148

neurons that control muscle contraction are

Back 148

located in ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 149

within accumbens projects to

Back 149

gab-urgic neuron which also receives glutamate projections from prefrontal cortex hippocampus, amydala

Front 150

All MAOs are in

Back 150

Midbrain and hindbrain caudal regions of the brain

Front 151

V1 is not very sensitive to just spots of light

Back 151

visual cortical cells require more specific environmental stimuli to be activated

Front 152

V1 sends axons to other cortical regions important for vision V2 V4 and inferior temporal region referred to as

Back 152

extrastriate areas

Front 153

ventral stream important for

Back 153

identifying objects
-includes occipitotemporal, inferior temporal frontal areas

Front 154

dorsal stream

Back 154

important for locating an objecct

Front 155

in humans information about faces becomes more specific the more

Back 155

rostral the processing occurs

Front 156

anterior part of the dorsal stream merges with the motor cortex and includes neurons that have both

Back 156

visual and motor functions
-mirror neurons
-these neurons are important for transforming visual info. into knowledge

Front 157

neurons that control muscle contraction are

Back 157

located in ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 158

dopamine neurons are in

Back 158

midbrain in ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra

Front 159

within accumbens projects to

Back 159

gab-urgic neuron which also receives glutamate projections from prefrontal cortex hippocampus, amydala

Front 160

All MAOs are in

Back 160

Midbrain and hindbrain caudal regions of the brain

Front 161

second messengers

Back 161

amplify the effect of the ligand (aka the first messenger)

Front 162

compared to ionotropic signalling, metabotropic is

Back 162

slow and longer lasting

Front 163

glutamate containing neurons project to

Back 163

striatum

Front 164

glutamate synapse contain many proteins including multiple types of glutamate receptors, complex at synapse is called

Back 164

post synaptic density

Front 165

Glutamate

Back 165

an amino acid neurotransmitter, main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Front 166

3 ionotropic glutamate receptors

Back 166

1) NMDA 2)AMPA 3)Kainate

Front 167

metabotropic glutamate receptors

Back 167

called mGluRs

Front 168

AMPA and Kainate glutamate receptors are

Back 168

ligand gated sodium or calcium channels (glutamate binds to receptors and allows the flow of ions in)

Front 169

NMDA glutamate receptors (complex) has 6 binding sites and glutamate is not the only ligand

Back 169

-both ligand gated and voltage gated channel (expelling Mg2+)
-glutamate binding ampa receptor opens allows the flow of sodium in this causes partial depolarization that pushes out magnesium, glutamate then binds NMDA receptor and allows NMDA receptor to open and this allows the flow of both sodium and calcium into the postsynaptic cell causing an even greater depolarization of the cell
-glycine must also be bound for glutamate to open the channel

Front 170

amine neurotransmitters

Back 170

acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin

Front 171

each cone in the human retina has

Back 171

one of three classes of pigments

Front 172

color perception occurs in

Back 172

ganglion cells and brain (not at the photreceptor cells)
-cones don't detect color they are named for their relative wavelength peak

Front 173

ganglion cells in each eye fire action potentials that travel through the

Back 173

optic nerve to the brain

Front 174

optic nerves cross the midline at the

Back 174

optic chiasm

Front 175

after the optic chiasm the axons are called

Back 175

are called

Front 176

gonadotropin releasing hormone of the hypothalamus projects and dumps into the bloodstream, then that hormone

Back 176

travels to anterior pituitary and release the tropic factor (lutenizing hormone and follicle releasing hormore) act at both the testies and ovaries

Front 177

most axons from the optic tract terminate on cells in the

Back 177

visual thalamus

Front 178

visual thalamus is called

Back 178

lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 179

testes are segregated into

Back 179

sperm producing cells and testosterone producing cells, releases from the testes and then goes back to negatively feedback both at the level of the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus (regulate follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and thus less testosterone will be produced)

Front 180

LGN neurons project to

Back 180

occipital cortex

Front 181

occipital cortex is called

Back 181

visual cortex, primary visual cortex, V1, also called striate cortex

Front 182

the projections from LGN to primary visual cortex are called

Back 182

optic radiations

Front 183

surrounding cortical regions are also critical for vision, these regions are called

Back 183

extrastriate cortex

Front 184

cells in visual cortex respond to more complicated stimuli

Back 184

ex: stimuli moving in certain directions

Front 185

(on center, off surround) bipolar and ganglion cells (in the retina) have concentric receptive fields with antagonistic center and surround

Back 185

light at center of the receptive field excites these cells (more action potentials)

Front 186

off center/ on surround

Back 186

light at center of receptive field inhibits these cells (fire less action potentials)

Front 187

cells in the LGN respond like cells in the retina

Back 187

can be activated by just spots of light
-6 layers
-2 inner layers have relatively large cells
-called magnocellular
-4 outer layers relatively small cells
-called parvocellular

Front 188

input to magnocellular layers have relatively large receptive fields the input to these neurons is from many large ganglion cells in the retina called

Back 188

M cells

Front 189

magnocellular neurons do not show differential responses to different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum

Back 189

are not involved in color discrimation

Front 190

input to parvocellular layers have relatively small receptive fields

Back 190

input comes from small ganglion cells in the retina (P-cells) that receive their inputs from individual cone cells (color vision)

Front 191

List all different types of breads/rolls/buns we stock on our line (17)

Back 191

challah bun, hot dog bun, sub rolls, p-rolls, o-rye, o-rolls, CW, Challah, BHW, BH, pecan raisin, sourdough, farm, rye, pump, ses sem, rustic

Front 192

10 slices are cut from which standard loafs of bread?

Back 192

rye, pump, ses sem, rustic

Front 193

8 slices are cut from which standard loaf of bread

Back 193

farm

Front 194

6 slices are cut from which standard loaf of bread

Back 194

sour dough

Front 195

how long do we double bake most of our bread

Back 195

20 mins