Test 2 Anatomy - Set 2

Front 1

Name two types of cartilaginous joints & give examples

Back 1

The two types - synchondrosis and symphyses.

Synchondrosis are held together by a bar of hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate) & are synarthrotic. Also 1st rib and manubrium

symphyses are covered with articular hyaline , which in turn is fused with a pad of fibrocartilage- compressible & therefore symphyses are amphiarthrotic joints such as the intvertebral joints and pubic symphyses

Front 2

Tell me about synovial joints & name the six types

Back 2

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity. There are six types: Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and ball and socket.

Front 3

Tell about the Plane joint and give an example

Back 3

articular surfaces are flat. Examples are inter carpal, inter tarsal joints and vertebral articular joints.

only example of non axial joints

Front 4

Tell about the hinge joint and give an example

Back 4

cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough shaped surface on another such as olecranon and humerus and interphalangeal joints.

flexion and extension only

Front 5

Tell about the Pivot joint and give an example

Back 5

Rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve or ring composed of bone. Only uniaxial rotation

Examples are atlas and dens and proximal radioulnar joint

Front 6

Tell about the condyloid joints and give an example

Back 6

in condyloid joints the oval articular surface of one bone fits into the complementary depression in another. BOTH ARTICULATING SURFACES ARE OVAL. This permits all angular movements.

The radoiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints are typical condyloid joints.

Front 7

Tell about the saddle joints and give an example

Back 7

allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid. caropmetacarpal joint of thumb is good example.

Front 8

Tell about the Ball and socket and give an example

Back 8

multi axial examples include knee, shoulder, hip, elbow, and TMJ

Front 9

Sprain

Back 9

ligament reinforcing joint are stretched or torn

Front 10

Tetanus

Back 10

smooth sustained muscle contraction resulting fromhigh-frequency stimulation.

Front 11

Spasm

Back 11

sudden, involuntary twitch in smooth or skeletal muscle rangin in severity. A cramp is a prolonged spasm; usually occurs at night or after exercise.

Front 12

dislocation

Back 12

occurswhere bones are forced out of alignment. It is usually accompanied by sprains,inflammation and joint immobilization. subluxation is partial dislocation. repeat dislocations are common because initial dislocation stretches joint capsule.

Front 13

Symptoms of arthritis

Back 13

all arthritis causes pain, stiffness and swelling ofjoint.

Front 14

Osteoarthritis

Back 14

generally age related- excess cartilage destroyingenzymes cause softened, roughened pitted and eroded articular cartilages.

Front 15

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 15

chronic inflammatory disorder with an insidiousonset. It is an autoimmune disease.

Front 16

Gouty arthritis

Back 16

too much uric acid creates crystals which cause aninflammatory response.

Front 17

Muscles perform four functions:

Back 17

movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints andgenerate heat

Front 18

macroscopicand microscopic anatomy of a muscle to its physiology.

Back 18

Eachmuscle fiber is surrounded by a endomysium. Within eachskeletal muscle, the endomysium-wrapped muscle fibers are grouped intofascicles. Surrounding each fascicle is a perimysium. Fasicles are grouped toform a whole muscle which is surrounded by a Epimysium. These overcoats provide entry and exit routs for bloodvessels & nerve fibers.

Front 19

What are the dark bands in myofibrils?

Back 19

A bands are the dark bands. They contain both thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments and the H zone.

Front 20

What are the light bands in the myofibrils?

Back 20

The light bands in the myofibrils are the I bands. These contain only the thin (actin) filaments and the Z disc.

Front 21

What is the Z disc composed of and what does it do?

Back 21

The Z disc anchors the thin filaments and is made up of alpha actinin

Front 22

Muscles perform four functions. What are they?

Back 22

Muscles perform four functions: movement, maintainposture, stabilize joints and generate heat.

Front 23

Eachmuscle fiber is surrounded by

Back 23

Eachmuscle fiber is surrounded by a endomysium.

Front 24

Within each skeletal muscle, the endomysium-wrappedmuscle fibers are grouped into fascicles. Surrounding each fascicle is a

Back 24

perimysium

Front 25

Fasicles are grouped to form a whole muscle which issurrounded by a

Back 25

Epimysium

Front 26

ATP can be generated in three ways:

Back 26

ATP can be generated in three ways: Directphosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate, anaboliclly by glycolysis andlactic acid formation, and aerobic respiration.

Front 27

There are three types of muscle fibers

Back 27

slow oxidative, fast oxidative and fast glycolytic.

Front 28

Slow oxidative fibers

Back 28

contract slowly, depends on O2 delivery, fatigue resistant and high endurance, is thin, has little power (a thin cell can has less myofibrils), has mitochondria, rich capillary supply and is red (myoglobin), has low glycogen stores.

endurance sports

Front 29

Fast oxidative fibers

Back 29

In-between fiber. React fast, primary path is aerobic oxidation, high myoglobin content, some glycogen stores, has many capillaries

is good for in-between activities like walking to sprinting

Front 30

Fast glycolytic fibers

Back 30

uses anaerobic glycolysis, is large, does not have myoglobin, are white in color, has high glycogen stores, fatigues fast, very few capillaries and very few mitochondria

good for short term powerful movements like hitting a baseball.

Front 31

Discussthe factors that contribute to muscle fatigue

Back 31

muscle fatigue is the physiological inability for themuscle to contract even though the muscle still may be receiving stimuli. Totallack of ATP results in contractures. Another imbalance is K+ accumulating inthe fluids of the T tubules; this disturbs the membrane potential and haltscalcium from being released from the SR. Finally prolonged exercise damages SR,interfering with calcium regulation and exercise and therefore muscleactivation.

Front 32

Muscular dystrophy

Back 32

MD refers to a group of inheritedmuscle destroying diseases that appear during childhood. The musclefibers atrophy. Most common - Duchenne muscular dystrophy- inherited as a sex linked recessive disease. It is expressed in males. The muscle lack dystrophin, a protein that linksthe cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. This helps stabilize thesarcolemma. The sarcolemma tears during contraction and allows excess Ca -this damages contractile fibers. regeneration is lost. and damaged cells undergo apoptosis.

Front 33

Fibromyositis or fibromyalgia

Back 33

Group of conditions involving chronic inflammation of a muscle, its connective tissue coverings, tendons and capsules of joints

Front 34

naming muscles- how and examples

Back 34

Naming muscles – location (temporalis); size (gluteusmaximus); direction of muscle fibers (rectus femoris= strait on femur); numberof origins (triceps); location of attachements (sternocleidomastoid); action(extensor carpi radialis longus)