Test 2

Front 1

School of the Americas

Back 1

Train military offficers to be anti-communist (Panama)

Front 2

Anastasio Somoza

Back 2

Somozas dominate Nicaragua from 1933-79. Complete loyalty to US. Had us and military (national Guaard support. Needed this to stay in power.

Front 3

Pancho Villa

Back 3

3. Pancho Villa-thought he would be leader with US support. He was rejected. Attacks Columbus, New Mexico. Attacks train with US people on it(Executed) Angers US for raids on border towns and trains. Hunted by Black Jack Pershing. Turned over by Albaro Obregon. Followers kill Obregon.

Front 4

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Back 4

4. Modifies Smoot-Hawley tariff act (raise tariff)
Country by country re-establish trade.
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act(1934)-RTAA
Bilateral agreement (one country with another)
1. Reduce tariffs by as much as 50%-tit for tat basis (you lower for us we will lower for you)
2. Most Favored Nation Clause-any other country can have same agreement (same terms)
Shortcomings of RTAA
1. Tariffs still high
2. Lobbyists for US firms have right to appeal to US tariff commission.
Trade halted by clayton Plan. World entering great depression. Response to clayton At. Tried to start trade by lowering tariffs the placed on eachother

Front 5

Rio Conference

Back 5

5. Rio Conference-we want Central America and Caribbean to declare war against Axis countries. South America DO NOT declare war. We want them to severe commercial and diplomatic ties.
Exceptions are Argentina and Chile. Both have German minority populations, business transactions.
Make perminat alliance in Western Hemisphere. Meeting in Chapultepec

Front 6

Marxism

Back 6

opposes capitalism
Two classes-proletariat(workers) and bourgeoisie(elites/owners/managers/bosses…)
(class-unit of analysis)
Economic interests-economics determines politics. –Bourgeoisie-groups are in conflict
State represents interests of bourgeoisie.
Marx-revolution from below(by workers/proletariats)
Wages fall below subsistence level because of technology. Leads to less people working, surplus of labor, lower wages. Revolution from below(when wages fall below subsistence level)

Front 7

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

Back 7

people were not buying our goods.-high tariffs on goods, this should help our local firms. Others-do unto others as they do unto you.
Leads to economic nationalism-collapse of trade-GREAT DEPRESSION

Front 8

Truman Doctrine

Back 8

containment of commumism
Assumptions:
USSR wants to conquor the world
Soviets want a long term battle w/ capitalist world
We need to combat communism through policy of containment

Front 9

Act of Havana

Back 9

No Transfer of colonies.
A non American state can’t be transferred to another non American state
1. Question the relevance of Monroe Doctrine
2. US unequivocal adherence to multilateralism
Begining of WW2

Front 10

European Free Trade Assosiation

Back 10

10. Free Trade-EFTA, NAFTA- Discretion (choice for tariff)

Front 11

Emiliano Zapata

Back 11

South Mexico-Land Reform-(Redistributed to peasants in south) Zapata assassinated in 1919-meeting Carranza

Front 12

Francisco Madero

Back 12

elite-large landholder, one person who wanted to take over for Diaz. Social Democrat. Universal education. Out of thousands of votes casted he only receives 196 votes.

Front 13

Neo Liberalsim

Back 13

Free trade, open markets(Libertarianism)
Limited form of govt. in economic policy (minimal state)
Supply and demand explains what should be done.
Laissez faire-hands off policy
State
1. Protect property rights-otherwise people would take over your land
2. Police force-with no police-anarchy
3. Private sector inabilities-cable company, markets,…
4. Tax incentives-entrepreneurs
All want open markets to support economic interdependence.
Companies should produce using comparative advantage-factor endowments.(Land, labor,capital)

Front 14

Structuralism

Back 14

(Dependency) export primary products
a. Erratic prices
b. Declining terms of trade
c. Wealth was concentrated-small # of very large farms
Wanted economic equality ( within a capitalist system to promote economic equality to support a bigger middle class)
c-Land Reform(redistribution)-adequate compensation
heavy industry(cars, tractors, appliances…)(consumer durables)Need Government to provide capital. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
ISI-produce heavy industrial goods previously imported for your domestic market
Rather than importing heavy industrial goods-you save money, don’t have to worry about buying from more expensive countries. Government will give subsidies to industrialists.

Front 15

USS Dolphin

Back 15

US battleship-Mexico capture sailors, US send troops to overthrow Mexico lead by Huerta.

Front 16

Clayton Plan

Back 16

16. Equality of access to raw materials and manufacturers
Reduction of trade barriers
Equal and just treatment for foreign capital and enterprises
Private over public sector
Keep government and politics out of trade

Front 17

Decree Law 900

Back 17

17. all land that is unused is expropriated
85%-UFC-unused, 25 year bonds 3% interest rates, land value-property taxes
DL900 US Response
Anti-US, Pro-Soviet Foreign policy orientation
Imitation-expropriation-lead to example for other countries
US shareholders-Dulles Brothers-
With Guatamala

Front 18

Rio Pact

Back 18

perminant military alliance in western hemisphere to fight communism

Front 19

Conference at Chapultepec

Back 19

Prevent spread of fascism. Clayton Plan-trade. Formed military alliance. Free from aggression outside and within.

Front 20

United Fruit Company

Back 20

20. Guatamala-US fears spread of communism. Fight against expropriation. How is UFC influential in spread of policy-
Jacobo Arbenz-commited to overthrow the system
United Fruit Company-
US sees this as Communist threat Wants workers and peasants to revolt
Lost 85% of land that was unuses. Paid with 25 year bond at 3% interest. Mainly hurt US investors (Dulles Brothers)

Front 21

ISI

Back 21

21. produce heavy industrial goods previously imported for your domestic market
Rather than importing heavy industrial goods-you save money, don’t have to worry about buying from more expensive countries. Government will give subsidies to industrialists.
Structuralism. Failed because finished goods couldnt compete with goods from other countries.

Front 22

State Marketing boards

Back 22

22. ISi- Government is middle man.
State marketing boards(SMB)-Middle man (GOVT)
Exporters-Cattle Ranchers-----go to SMB------Sell to World Market
$10/cow $15 $25
$5 profit $10 profit ISI

Front 23

Good Neighbor Policy

Back 23

23. Motivation-GNP-non intervention in Western Hemisphere.
1. Interventions were hurting economic interests. (instability)
Pluralist-not in our interests.
2. Hemispheric Security-if war comes will all other countries work against US
Realist-didn’t show enough benefits to intervene.
3. Economic Policies-Great Depression-trade restrictions
Liberalism-open trade-change the environment, get people on our side
Followed Gunboat Diplomacy. Restore relations in LA

Front 24

Colonel Jacobo Arbenz

Back 24

commited to overthrow the system. Attacked United Fruit Co in order to hurt the us.
Pro-Communist Guatamalan Dictator. Reason for US policy of intervention

Front 25

Fulgencia Batista

Back 25

ruler of Cuba before Castro (1934-1958)-Fidel Castro takes over early 1959
Us recognizes him.
Expropriate(nationalize private property)
1,000 acres or more.
Companies-foreign companies (Mostly US)

Front 26

Bay of Pigs

Back 26

Spy missions find missiles on island.
US surrounds the island(try to create blockade)
US gives ultimatum to USSR to remove missiles,
USSR takes missiles off island, and Cuba has not been invaded since
indirect invasion of cuba to overthrow castro. fails because castro was ready and us air strike is called off. Violated article 15 of OAS charter

Front 27

Mexican Constitution 1917

Back 27

28. Shorter work hours, smaller role of church, prevent foreign investment, land reform.
Constitutional Convention 1917
Co-opt. Radical.
1. Encourage land reform.
2. Limit the Powers of the Church
3. Increase Labor rights. Right to organize.
4. ***Restrictions on Foreign Ownership of property.***

Front 28

Lyndon Baines Johnson

Back 28

takes over after JFK-Democracy needs to take backseat . Most important thing is stopping spread of communism

Front 29

Mann Doctrine

Back 29

Democracy takes back seat. Anti-Communism

Front 30

Alliance for progress

Back 30

goals-bring social reform and promote democracy in la.
Goals
1. combat economic poverty
2. combat social equality
3. combat political oppression

Criticisms
1.inhert conflict btwn promoting democracy and opposing communism
2. mistaken in thinking social economic reform leads to democracy.
3. accused for trying to hard to force democracy
4. opposed by elites
5. us feared promoting land reform
6. limited money us could spend

Front 31

Vice President Richard Nixon

Back 31

VP under Eisenhower, from California (electoral votes)
Nixon In South America-supposed to be greeting, and friendly speeches.
Peru-mobs, rocks thrown at car, was spit in his face.
Showed dislike of us by La

Front 32

Realism

Back 32

32. Power leads to national security.
We live in a world of anarchy. By nature humans are aggressive. You must protect yourself-which leads to a security dilemma-which leads to an arms build up. Primary actors in the world are unitary states. Balance of power-relative power-if one goes up one must go down. Realist seek a world govt.

Front 33

USAID

Back 33

Successful example of modernization theory-Chilean experiment
Chile—Us (University of Chicago)-shape economic development discussions
1940’s/50’s-Structuralins/Keynesian policies (Govt. plays important role in economy)

Front 34

European Economic Community

Back 34

34. European Union 1958-Present didn’t originally include Britain-Trade increased 129% from 1952-1957. Britain didn’t want to join a customs union. EEC-6 countries-members affiliated with NATO-so we support them

Front 35

Containment Policy

Back 35

35. Truman Doctrine 1947
Containment of communism
Assumptions
1. USSR wants to conquer the world (name of international communism)
2. Soviets(USSR) long battle with the capitalist world.
Combat communism-policy of containment

Front 36

Hull-Alfaro Treaty

Back 36

US would give Panama independence, but still control canal zone.

Front 37

Modernization Theory

Back 37

Modernization:Economic Reform leads to Political Reform (but correlation no causation)
Alliance for progress: Social reform (tax and land reform)-equal society

Front 38

European Integration

Back 38

Security, Economics, Preservation of peace, development, loosen trade restrictions.

1. Preservation of peace-common defense
2. Stronger power bloc.
3. Conservation of a common European culture
4. Create greater material well being
5. Ease trade restrictions
6. External factors-support US, oppose USSR
1. Political Factors for European Integration
1. France v. Germany-war
2. Europe-No longer the political center of the world
3. Fear of soviet ideology spreading in Western Europe

Front 39

Chicago boys

Back 39

39. Chicago Boys-further recruitment in Latin America-Spread of Ideas
Students (undergrads) that went from Chile to Chicago and get degree, go back to Chile, and be professors to spread ideas.
capitalist ideas

Front 40

bretton woods agreement

Back 40

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2. International bank for reconstruction and development (World Bank)
3. International trade organization-lead to General agreement on tarrifs and trade (GATT)-produces WTO
BrettonWoods Preferences (create global economy)(rebuild confidence)
1. Convertible currencies
2. System of fixed exchange rates Gold Standard ($35 per ounce)
3. Lowering trade barriers
4. Multilateral system of trade payments

Front 41

cold war options

Back 41

la options
1. seek us support against communist intersection
2. deny us and turn to communist leaders
3. try to stay independent from both sides

Front 42

project chile

Back 42

42. Project Chile-Agreement between Chicago and Catholic University
USAID-provides $$$ to send Chilean undergrads to university of Chicago. Taking classes Chicago (neoliberalism (free trade))-then return to Catholic university in Chile as professors and spread ideas.
fill heads with capitalist ideas

Front 43

mexicos oil expropriation

Back 43

Mexican arbitration board agrees in favor of workers. Oil companies say sorry. Mexican supreme court-rules in favor of workers.
Lazaro Cardenas-mexican president 1934-1940. If they ignore law, he takes over (expropriated) the companies. Shows that the US didn’t support them
angered us-lost investment

Front 44

export-import bank

Back 44

44. Export-Import Bank-1934-Loan $$$ (100 million from 1934-39)
Used to purchase US imported goods
tried to get economy going

Front 45

Punta del Este Conference

Back 45

raise per capita income (min. growth 2.5%/yr
social and land reform
diversification of trade
enhance education
stabilize price

Front 46

dollar/gunboat diplomacy

Back 46

1898-1932-US Economic + security interests dominate
Actively intervene in Western Hemisphere
Hatred to US by Latin America
US domination of Western Hemisphere
precursor for good neighbor policy

Front 47

Newly Industrialized Countries

Back 47

47. NIC-Newly Industrialized Country(South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan)
Export oriented strategy-good—ISI-failure

Front 48

House Un-American Activities Committee

Back 48

48. Fight communism at home. Cant wear pink. Create a front.
Blacklisting-any activity supporting communism would get you black listed
US strong belief against communism

Front 49

Luxembourg vs Bernstein

Back 49

Marxism-Luxembourg-support from below, they will rise up and overthrow, Bernstein-reform, expand the electorate, change from within.

Front 50

Customs Union v Free Trade Assosiation

Back 50

free Trade-EFTA, NAFTA- Discretion (choice for tariff)
Customs Union-Common external Tariff-tariff to people outside your country must be the same as those in the organization.
Britain-sovereignty-always supported free trade.
free trade gave freedom of all countries to set own tariffs

Front 51

Org of American States

Back 51

security issues and they focus on economics
-Continental solidarity
-Representive Democracy
-Social Justice
-Economic Cooperation
-Individual rights
US violated when we invaded cuba, bay of pigs

Front 52

Salvador Allende

Back 52

Chile president from 1970-1973. First democrat elected Marxist/ communist leader.

Front 53

Org of American States

Back 53

security issues and they focus on economics
-Continental solidarity
-Representive Democracy
-Social Justice
-Economic Cooperation
-Individual rights
US violated when we invaded cuba, bay of pigs

Front 54

Salvador Allende

Back 54

Chile president from 1970-1973. First democrat elected Marxist/ communist leader.