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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of conversations between the public and politicians (local, federal, and school governments)
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Political Communication
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Public officials decide what is news through press conferences, hearings, and reports, and the media will cover what the officials do.
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Who decide what is news?
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All newspapers begin with a formula: __________: The most important facts are located in the first paragraph, followed by supplementary information.
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The Inverted Pyramid
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– began with the New York Sun in 1833 released by Benjamin Day
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The penny press and mass circulation
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- Price was a penny per copy
- It increased literacy - Contributed to the rise of the middle class - It brought about a new definition of news - Advent of professional reporters collecting news |
The penny press and mass circulation
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After the penny press was the rise of “_______” which could relay news stories and information from around the world.
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wire services
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– also referred to as sensational reporting
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Yellow Journalism
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- Overstated facts
- Employed cartoons - Emphasized undue aspects of the situation - Introduces bias - Associated the story with an irrelevant issue - Frivolous treatment of news stories - Over-produced (screaming headlines and graphic illustrations) |
Yellow Journalism
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- The New York Times reported “just the facts”
- Employed objectivity – wanted to tell all sides of a story - Thoroughly covered stories - Oches purchased The Times in 1896 focuses on news and builds circulation - Becomes one of America’s great newspapers |
Modern Journalism (Late 1800’s)
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- Emphasis on facts, but makes a greater attempt to analyze complex news events
- Objectivity was enhanced by in-depth coverage and analysis - Press vs. radio war Can news be copyrighted? |
Interpretive Journalism (1920’s)
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Literary Forms of Journalism
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1. Advocacy Journalism
2. Precision Journalism 3. Literary Journalism |
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– a reporter actively promotes a viewpoint or cause
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Advocacy Journalism
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– Attempts to push news more in the direction of science (weather reports)
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Precision Journalism
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– (News journalism) adapted fictional story lines to non-fictional material and in-depth reporting
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Literary Journalism
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– carries local articles on local schools, social events, town governments, etc. because of small advertising base, journalists are careful to not offend local advertisers (where they receive funds)
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Consensus-oriented
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– Front page news is defined by events, issues, or experiences that deviate from social norms. Journalists often maintain adversarial relationships with politicians and public officials
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Conflict-oriented
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___________ began with Ben Franklin several hundred papers exist in 40 languages
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Immigrant and Ethnic Press
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- African American – ________ anti-slavery topics, such as Jim Crowe laws
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Freedom Journal
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- Spanish Language newspapers – New York’s _________ the number of Hispanic newspapers has greatly declined recently
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El Diario La Prensa
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Most newspapers devote ½ to 2/3 of their pages to advertising. These ads are positioned in the paper first, the rest of the space for the actual stories is known as the Newshole
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The Newshole
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Growth of newspapers group owners and a decrease in the number of cities with competing newspapers
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Ownership Trends
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digitally transmitted, no length limitations, interactivity, cheaper, how to make a profit?
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Online Newspapers
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Print as needed, ship by truck, more expensive, slower, length limits, profits through advertising
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Traditional Newpapers
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aimed at urban, educated, literate audiences(Periods)
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- Colonial Period
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political and topical articles interested in sanitation, slavery, government, etc. (Periods)
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- After the Revolution
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: written for the middle class and contained stories pertaining to them sold for cheaper than it cost to make and made money off of advertising(Periods)
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- Penny Press Era
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available money made for better printing, lower prices, special mailing rates Muckraking began – what Teddy Roosevelt referred to as starting trouble by infiltrating big businesses and organized labor and publishing their flaws(Periods)
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- Magazine Boom
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Specialization, the digest, the news magazine, the pictorial (Periods)
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- 20th Century
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romanticized American virtues
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- The Saturday Evening Post
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employed “applicability”, “lasting interest”, and “constructiveness”
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- Reader’s Digest
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: interpretive journalism (world affairs) (Mag)
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Time Magazine
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pass-along journalism (entertainment) (Mag)
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Life Magazine
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: electronic media begins to change the environment.///The fall of general interest magazines
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TV Guide
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After the demise of Look and Life, it filled the need for celebrity news////The fall of general interest magazines
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People Magazine
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- Appeal to a specific audience
- Most sell advertising on about 50% of their pages - Have larger circulation base and are more profitable |
Consumer Magazines
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- Specialize business publications — often required reading for a particular job, industry, or profession
- Trade magazines do not compete with consumer magazines - Not found on newsstands - Lower circulations and revenues - High subscriptions or controlled free circulation make money from ad revenue |
Trade Magazines
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Three Content Categories of Other Magazines?
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1. Literary reviews and academic journals
2. Newsletters 3. Public Relations Magazines |
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- Increased foreign ownership, greater concentrations, continued specialization, and online editions
- Mergers and acquisitions have resulted in an industry dominated by large corporations |
Ownership
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Steps of Getting a Book Published
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1. Author submits a proposal
2. The proposal is forwarded to an acquisition editor 3. If the evaluation is favorable, a contract is signed and the author begins to work 4. As chapters come in, the editor reviews the book 5. Mechanics of the book are checked (writing, grammar, etc.) 6. Design decisions are made and production is scheduled 7. Book is printed, bound, and shipped - 11% of the money generated from book sales goes to the author |
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cookbooks, self-help, technology, computer publications (types of books)
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Trade Books
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law, business, medicine, etc(types of books)
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Professional Books
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Stephen King, John Grisham, etc(types of books)
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Mass Market Productions
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Bibles, Hymnals(types of books)
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Religious
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dictionaries, atlases, medical manuals(types of books)
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Reference
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diverse subjects; published specifically for the University(types of books)
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University Press Books
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-what the media covers is what people begin to care about; the more its reported the more we care about it
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Priming
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o Reason pushes the viewer back
o Impression invites a person in without making a demand o Emotions are easily aroused- get the voters to like the guy and the battle its 2/3 rds done |
William Gavins Beliefs
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: a report actively promotes a particular cause or viewpoint
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Advocacy of Journalism
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Number of hispanic newspapers has drastically ______
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Fallen
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Most circulated Magazine?
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AARP The Magazine
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written for middle class (history)
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Penny Press
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Aimed at educated, urban, literate audiences (history)
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Colonial
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• Subscriptions
• Single copy sales • Advertising |
Revenues
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• Advertising 9 cents
• Circulation 31 cents • Editorial 9 • Manufacturing/distribution 40 cents • Other cost 1 cent • Administration 10 cents |
Expenses
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What kind (sagas) of books made it popular for kids to read again?
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Harry Potter
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Oscar won best actor: ____ (Vin Diesel will be one of the choices)
Oscar won best actress: _______ |
Sean Penn/ Kate Winslet
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On demand printing: ______
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goodbye publishing houses
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Custom textbooks: ________
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no need for college book publishers
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The paperback boom: ________
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Dime Novels
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: religious themes; sentimental fiction; political pamphlets (some history)
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Colonial Period
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commercialization of publishing houses; mass market; dependence on banks (some history)
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Early 20th Century
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: New channels of distribution; growth of text and recreational publishing (Some History)
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Post WWII
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